Globally, approximately 92 million tons of textile waste are generated annually. The production of a single cotton T-shirt requires around 2,700 liters of water, while a pair of sneakers weighing 550 grams results in 7 kilograms of production waste. In 2022, an individual’s textile consumption demanded 323 square meters of land and emitted 355 kilograms of CO₂. In Europe alone, an average of 12 kilograms of textile garments are discarded per person each year. Due to limited reuse and recycling infrastructure, most of this waste is exported to Asia and Africa.

In China, only 20% of the 26 million tons of textile waste was recycled in 2020, with the remainder ending up in landfills. Meanwhile, the United States generated 16.9 million tons of textile waste in 2017, marking one of the highest national contributions globally.
The fashion industry is responsible for an estimated 4–5 billion tons of CO₂ emissions and consumes up to 79 billion liters of water annually. Dyeing processes alone account for 20% of global water pollution, while washing polyester garments releases microplastic fibers into waterways, eventually entering the food chain. Contamination from textile chemicals and dyes also contributes to marine pollution.
Landfill disposal of textile waste not only destroys land that could otherwise be used for agriculture but also contributes to methane emissions through anaerobic decomposition. Furthermore, cotton consumption in Europe has led to a 20% reduction in the Aral Sea. Textile waste is not only a recycling challenge but also a significant contributor to climate change, accounting for 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
Currently, not all countries recycle textiles. In Europe, 4–9% of unused textiles are destroyed, while 87% of used textiles are either incinerated or landfilled outside the continent. The majority of textile waste originates from consumer behavior. Historically, landfilling and incineration have been the most common textile waste disposal methods due to operational costs. Today, the textile industry ranks as the fourth most environmentally damaging sector, surpassing even the aviation industry in emissions. Clothing is the seventh most purchased product in global trade, and consumption is expected to continue rising until 2030.
We live in a world where a growing population follows the fashion industry’s implicit expiration dates. Shorter textile lifecycles, combined with rising living standards, have led to an increase in textile waste at a pace that outstrips recycling capacity. The waste hierarchy, which prioritizes prevention, reuse, and material recovery, stands in stark contrast to the fast fashion model, characterized by low-cost, high-turnover consumption.
Social media perpetuates this cycle by constantly promoting new trends. The fashion industry’s use of marketing automation activates the brain’s reward system, reinforcing the notion that shopping is inherently positive, while tailoring content to individual consumers.
The increase in textile waste also poses environmental risks to urban infrastructure and public health, particularly for the 1.1 billion people living in areas with limited waste collection services. From an environmental perspective, textile waste is highly resistant to natural decomposition, contributing to long-term pollution and resource strain in ecosystems. Which is why it is so important to consider long-term solutions.
Textile Industry in Jordan – A Green Transition Toward Circularity
According to reports, the average clothing consumption per person in Jordan was 109 Jordanian dinars in 2023. Which increased to 109 dinars and approximately 19 garments per person in 2025. Even though per capita consumption may appear low in certain countries, it is the global overproduction, short lifespan of garments, low recycling rates, and inefficient waste management that drive the increase in textile waste.
Jordan’s textile industry has set ambitious goals to adopt greener policies and transition toward a circular economy, in alignment with the country’s Economic Modernization Vision 2033. While the path forward meets challenges, there is a growing interest among enterprises in sustainable development and environmentally friendly practices.
The 26 garment manufacturers located in the Al-Hassan Industrial Estate (HIE), which hosts 108 factories in total generated approximately 35,000 tons of textile waste, with 70% consisting of fabric scraps from cutting processes year 2021.
These remnants were disposed of in landfills without sorting, due to the complexity of textile compositions. A private contractor collects the waste and transports it to the Al-Akaider landfill, at a cost of 4 Jordanian dinars per ton. This unsorted disposal method places additional strain on both the ecosystem and the waste management sector.

To address these challenges, the Green Action in Enterprises initiative was launched, funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and implemented by GIZ, in collaboration with Jordan’s Ministries of Industry, Environment, and Supply. The project aims to promote a green transition in the industrial sector through sustainable textile waste management.
Investing in recycling and reuse reduces pressure on the waste sector, lowers environmental footprints, and creates economic opportunities. Recycling conserves resources and prevents valuable materials from being discarded. A compelling example is Egypt’s Green Fashion initiative, which transformed 400 tons of textile waste into 76,000 new garments, while generating new employment opportunities. This demonstrates how recycling can support both environmental sustainability and social development.
In the long term, companies can achieve Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), enhancing their brand image and demonstrating transparency and commitment to international environmental standards. Textile waste should be recycled, reused, and upcycled, contributing to a circular economy and reducing overall waste. To facilitate this, a comprehensive plan is being developed by the Ministry of Investment, the Amman Chamber of Industry, and the French Development Agency, with funding from the European Union.
The plan includes five strategic business models:
Business Case 1: Investment in Material-Efficient Technology and Software
Implementing advanced cutting machines can significantly reduce fabric waste during the production phase.
Business Case 2: Mechanical Recycling for Industrial Symbiosis
Textile waste can be repurposed as raw material for other sectors, such as construction, promoting cross-sector collaboration and circularity.
Business Case 3: Mechanical Recycling for Fibre-to-Fibre Yarn Production
Fabric scraps can be transformed into new products like furniture, mattresses, or insulation materials through mechanical processes.
Business Case 4: Chemical Recycling for Fibre-to-Fibre Yarn Production
Mixed-material textiles are chemically recycled to recover original fibers, facilitating reuse and reducing landfill dependency.
Business Case 5: Upcycling with Social Entrepreneurs
Textile waste is converted into new materials in collaboration with local entrepreneurs, creating jobs and fostering social innovation.
References
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