إعادة تدوير النفايات البلاستيكية بولي إثيلين

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تواجه منطقة الشرق الأوسط، على غرار كل المراكز الحضرية الحديثة الأخرى،  تحديات في مجال حماية البيئة نظرا لإنتاجها كميات هائلة و أشكالا مختلفة من النفايات . ويتجاوز الإنتاج الإجمالي من النفايات الحضرية  لدول الشرق الأوسط   ال 150 مليون طن سنويا، تشكل فيه النفايات البلاستيكية من 10 إلى 15 في المئة. وقد أصبح تزايد عدد السكان والاستهلاك المتزايد، والاتجاه المطرد نحو ثقافة “المتاح”،  بمثابة كابوس يؤرق السلطات المحلية في مختلف أنحاء المنطقة وخارجها.

plastic-pollution

لقد زاد استهلاك البلاستيك بمعدل هائل على مدى العقدين الماضيين لكونه الآن يلعب دورا هاما في جميع جوانب الحياة العصرية. ويستخدم البلاستيك في تصنيع العديد من المنتجات مثل التعبئة والتغليف، ومكونات السلامة و خفيفة الوزن  في السيارات، والهواتف المحمولة، والمواد العازلة في المباني والأجهزة المنزلية وقطع الأثاث، والأجهزة الطبية وما إلى ذلك ، ولكون البلاستيك لايتحلل بيولوجيا، فإن كمية النفايات البلاستيكية تتزايد باطراد في محيطنا. إذ أن أكثر من 90٪ من المواد الموجودة على شواطئ البحر تحتوي على البلاستيك. عدا أن النفايات البلاستيكية غالبا ما تكون النوع الأكثر من القمامة غير مرغوب فيه ، إذ أنها تبقى، دون تحلل، بادية للعيان لعدة أشهر في مواقع دفن النفايات٠

عملية إعادة التدوير

بعد جمع العبوات البلاستيكية من بولي ايثيلين يجب فرزها وإعدادها للبيع. وسوف تعتمد  كمية ونوع الفرز والمعالجة المطلوبة على مواصفات المشتري وعلى درجة فصل المستهلكين  للمواد القابلة للتدوير عن الأنواع الأخرى من النفايات وإزالة الملوثات.

يتم تسليم جمع العبوات  البلاستيكية من بولي إثيلين إلى منشأة استعادة المواد لبدء عملية إعادة التدوير. غير أن الفرز والطحن وحده ليسا بإلإعداد الكافي لقنينات بولي ايثيلين والعبوات نحو إعادة التصنيع. إذ أن هناك العديد من العناصر التي تعلق فيزيئيا بجسم  قنينة بولي ايثيلين أو العبوات و التي تحتاج إلى مزيد من المعالجة لإزالتها. وتشمل هذه العناصر الأكواب البلاستيكية الموجودة على الجزء السفلي من العديد من قنينات المشروبات الغازية المعروفة بإسم (أكواب القاعدة)، والملصقات والأغطية.

تتم معالجة المواد المعاد تحبيبها الملوثة لتأخذ شكلا يمكن استخدامه من قبل المحولات. في منشأة الاستصلاح، تمرالرقائق الملوثة بسلسلة من الفرز ومراحل التنظيف  لفصل البولي إثيلين  عن المواد الأخرى التي قد تكون تحتوي عليها القنينة أوعن ملوثات أخرى قد تكون موجودة. أولا، يتم تمرير المواد المعاد تحبيبها عبر مصنف الهواء الذي يزيل المواد أخف وزنا عن البولي إثيلين مثل ملصقات البلاستيك أو الورق والدقائق.

plastic-water-bottles-middle-east

حينئذ  يتم غسل الرقائق بمنظف خاص داخل جهاز تنظيف. في هذه الخطوة تتم إزالة بقايا الطعام التي قد تبقى على السطح الداخلي لقنينات البولي إثيلين والعبوات، الغراء الذي يستخدم لإلصاق الملصقات على قنينات البولي إثيلين  ، وأي رواسب قد تكون موجودة. بعد ذلك،  تمرالرقائق عبر مصنف  “طفو/ ترسب” . وخلال هذه العملية، تترسب رقائق البولي إثيلين في المصنف، لكونها أثقل كثافةمن الماء،  في حين أن أكواب القاعدة المصنوعة من البلاستيك  البولي ايثيلين عالي الكثافة والأغطية والخواتم المصنوعة من البلاستيك البولي بروبلين،تطفو فوق السطح، لكونها أقل كثافة من الماء.

بعد التجفيف، تمر رقائق البولي إثيلين عبر الفاصل الكهربائي، الذي ينتج مجالا مغناطيسيا لفصل رقائق البولي إثيلين عن أي ألمنيوم  قد يكون موجودا نتيجة أغطية القنينات والخواتم. عندما تكتمل خطوات هذه المعالجة ، يصبح بلاستيك البولي إثيلين  على شكل يعرف بإسم “رقائق نظيفة”. في بعض الحالات  يلجأ معيدوا التدوير إلى عملية تقشير نظيفة في مرحلة تسمى ب”إعادة تحبيب” ، تحول فيها الرقيقة إلى “حبيبة”. ثم من تم تتم معالجة رقيقة البولي إثيلين النظيفة أوالحبيبة من قبل معيدي التدوير أو المحولين الذين يعمدون إلى تحويل الرقيقة أو الحبيبة إلى شكل سلعة مواد خام مصنفة مثل الألياف، ورقة، أو حبيبة هندسية أومركبة، لكي تباع في النهاية للمستخدمين النهائيين و بالتالي تصنع منتجات جديدة.

ترجمه

هند سلامة، حاصلة على شهادة الدكتوراة تخصص الكيمياءـ البيئة من كلية العلوم عين الشق جامعة الحسن الثاني ـ المغرب، عملت كمديرة مشاريع في عدة مؤسسات و أعمل حاليا كمستشارة مستقلة في مجال البيئة و التنمية المستدامة و مترجمة  ، هذا عدا عن مساهماتي في البرنامج التطوعي للأمم المتحدة  UNVو متطوعة أيضا مع EcoMENA

النفايات الغذائية خلال شهر رمضان في الشرق الأوسط

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مع حلول شهر رمضان المبارك خلال الأيام القليلة القادمة، ضخمة الهدر الغذائي في منطقة الشرق الأوسط تخطف الأضواء مرة أخرى. بل هي الحقيقة المقبولة على نطاق واسع أن ما يقرب من نصف مجرى النفايات البلدية الصلبة في منطقة الشرق الأوسط ويتكون من النفايات الغذائية والمواد المرتبطة بها. كمية متزايدة من فضلات الطعام في الشرق الأوسط على وجه السرعة يتطلب استراتيجية قوية لإدارة النفايات الغذائية لضمان التقليل والتخلص بطريقه صديقة للبيئة.

ramadan-food-waste-arab

النفايات الغذائية في رمضان

دول الشرق الاوسط اعترفوا انهم أعلى مبذرون غذاء في العالم، وخلال شهر رمضان الحالة يأخذ منعطفا نحو الأسوأ. في عام 2012، قدر أن بلدية دبي في رمضان، يتم طرح حوالي 55٪ من النفايات المنزلية (أو ما يقرب من 1850 طن بعيدا كل يوم). وفي البحرين، وتوليد النفايات الغذائية في البحرين تتجاوز 400 طن يوميا خلال الشهر الفضيل، وفقا لأحمد ريحان ، رئيس وحدة التخلص من النفايات (البحرين). بقدر اهتمام قطر ، ومن المتوقع أن ما يقرب من نصف الطعام المعد خلال شهر رمضان وسوف تجد طريقها إلى صناديق القمامة.

كمية النفايات الغذائية التي تنتج في شهر رمضان هو أعلى بكثير من غيره من الشهور. هناك ميل مزمن عند المسلمين تجاه الإفراط في التساهل والإسراف في الشهر الكريم، على الرغم من أن النبي محمد (عليه الصلاة والسلام)، طلب من المسلمين إلى اعتماد الاعتدال في جميع نواحي الحياة. المواقف الاجتماعية والثقافية وأنماط الحياة الفخم أيضا تلعب دورا رئيسيا في توليد المزيد من فضلات الطعام في شهر رمضان في البلدان المسلمة.

الآثار الاقتصادية

زيادة الازدهار الاقتصادي وارتفاع نسبة السكان في المناطق الحضرية، وزيادة كمية النفايات المنتجة. وخير مثال هو حالة دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي الغنية بالنفط وهو ما يمثل أحد أغزر مولدات النفايات للفرد الواحد في العالم. المجموعات ذات الدخل المرتفع عادة ما تولد المزيد من فضلات الطعام للفرد الواحد بالمقارنة مع المجموعات الأقل ثراء. الفنادق والمقاهي والمطاعم وغيرها هي أيضا لديها مساهمة كبيرة من المخلفات الغذائية في الشرق الأوسط.

ومن المتوقع توليد النفايات الغذائية لنحو مطرد مع النمو السريع للازدهار الاقتصادات الإقليمية. إنتاج الفرد الواحد من النفايات الصلبة في المدن العربية مثل الرياض والدوحة وأبو ظبي هي أكثر من 1.5 كغم يوميا، وتجعلهم من بين أعلى المعدلات في منتجي النفايات للفرد في العالم. وتشير هذه الإحصاءات إلى خسارة المليارات من الدولارات كل عام على شكل فضلات الطعام في جميع أنحاء العالم العربي.

التغيير الجذري

الخطوات للحد من هدر المواد الغذائية هي تغيير السلوك قبل كل شيء ، وزيادة الوعي العام والتشريعات القوية، ومرافق إعادة التدوير (سماد ومصانع الغاز الحيوي) والمشاركة المجتمعية. ويلزم قوانين و حملات شاملة لإجبار الناس على تبني ممارسات تقليل النفايات وتنفيذ أساليب الحياة المستدامة. خلال شهر رمضان، ويمكن علماء الدين وأئمة تلعب دورا حيويا في تحفيز المسلمين على اتباع المبادئ الإسلامية من الاستدامة، كما ذكر في القرآن الكريم والأحاديث أفضل طريقة للحد من فضلات الطعام هو أن يشعر بالتضامن مع الملايين والملايين من الناس في جميع أنحاء العالم الذين يواجهون صعوبات هائلة في تناول وجبة واحدة كل يوم..  

ترجمه: هبة احمد مسلم- دكتور الهندسة البيئية. باحث في الشئون البيئية. معهد الدراسات والبحوث البيئية– جامعه عين شمس.

مدرس التحكم في البيئة والطاقه داخل المباني.

للتواصل عبر hebamosalam2000@gmail.com

What is Cementatious Solidification of Healthcare Wastes

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The most common cause for alarm pertaining to healthcare waste disposal is the exposure of workers to infectious wastes and contraction of diseases from these wastes. With the increased risk of exposure to blood-borne pathogens in handling body fluids and disposal of items that have been tainted by these fluids, awareness and education for the prevention of percutaneous wounds is the highest priority.

Landfill burial of free liquids on absorbents or biodegradable items that release the liquids under the pressure of the increased garbage levels are prohibited in most of the countries. Untreated items that are not incinerated, steam sterilized, or chemically treated for disinfection still have biological activity that can continue unchecked.

medical waste disposal

A low-cost alternative to existent medical waste disposal methods that meets these treatment standards and does not draw upon high energy costs is cementatious solidification.

Cementatious Solidification of Medical Waste

Solidification processes are used for various hazardous waste disposal of items that cannot be recycled or disposed of in an effective manner. By physical and chemical treatment of hazardous wastes by solidification, the healthcare waste is fixated and stabilized in a cement matrix that will not allow release of the fluids under pressure.

Cementatious solidification incorporates a range of materials such as gypsum, lime and Portland cement to form slurry that will fixate the wastes. In most cases, the cement mixture is added directly over the container holding the wastes, although direct mixture of the cement and wastes do occur. As the setting process occurs, the outside oxygen supply and raising of the pH cause the biological activity to cease.

In most medical wastes, disposal of needles is commonplace. Having direct contact with people who have had injections or blood drawn, they would be the most likely item to need treatment. A number of devices are available to incinerate the needles; however, many facilities use a common needle disposal container prior to its being disposed of via a waste management company.

These containers can still pose a threat to the worker handling the items, as the needles are still in a free state. In addition, with the containers holding sharps such as razors, glass, dental devices, and surgical retractors, open exposure to infectious elements still exists. A person can conceivably still run the risk of being cut via handling these items. Cement stabilization is the solution to these preventable incidents.

Double-bagged “red bag” wastes commonly refer to wastes treated with some form of sterilization. However, the bags still do not prevent the possibility of the worker being injured and exposed in handling the items in transfer. Solidification of these wastes on-site provides the added benefit of safety and increased stabilization of the residue.

medical wastes in middle east

With hundreds and thousands of needle sticks a year occurring in the healthcare marketplace, the risk of exposure and injury is an alarming certainty. Treatment of medical sharps should be given utmost priority, and it begins at the source of its generation. On-site treatment of the wastes will provide a safe passing down for the handlers of the materials until its final destination. The solidified mass within the container gives this security to the handler, as its structural strength provides safety and security.

Conclusions

Cement solidification gives additional support to this emphasis on safety. With proper identification of treated biomedical waste materials in this manner, exposure and disposal risks are significantly reduced. Meeting the conditions of local, state, federal and international regulations for waste disposal will determine final costs and definition of the materials. Guidelines vary pertaining to designation of what is and is not considered biomedical wastes; however, there is universal acknowledgment that the dangers of exposure should not go unnoticed.

المرأة و ريادة الأعمال في منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا

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تعد ريادة المرأة للأعمال مصدرا مهما، لم يتم بعد استغلاله،  في النمو الاقتصادي في جميع أنحاء العالم تقريبا. وعلى الصعيد العالمي، تسجل المرأة في منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا أدنى معدلات النشاط الريادي الإجمالي:  فقط 4٪ من السكان. في حين ُتسجل أعلى المعدلات  في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء  (27٪). متبوعة بأمريكا اللاتينية ومنطقة الكاريبي بمعدل (15 في المئة). أما بخصوص اقتصادات بلدان (بنما وتايلاند وغانا، والإكوادور، ونيجيريا، والمكسيك، وأوغندا)، فيتساوى فيها مستوى المرأة مع مستوى الرجل، أو قد يتعداه قليلا، في مجال ريادة المشاريع. و بالنسبة لبقية المناطق، فتشكل المرأة نسبة صغيرة من رواد المشاريع.

الوضع الحالي

ازداد مؤخرا الاهتمام بريادة المرأة للأعمال في منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا، الشيء الذي حفزعلى إجراء عدة دراسات تهدف إلى محاولة فهم التدني الكبير الذي تسجله مشاركة المرأة في القوى العاملة والحياة السياسية بمنطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا، سواء على الصعيد الأقاليمي أوعلى صعيد أقطارالمنطقة نفسها، و التعرف على التحديات التي تواجه رائدات الأعمال. وتظهر بيانات المقارنة بأن منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا، و على الرغم من تحقيقها لمكاسب قوية في مجال التنمية البشرية: ارتفاع نسبة محو الأمية ب 69 في المئة، وارتفاع متوسط التعليم (لمن هم فوق 15) إلى  5.2 سنوات، و انخفاض معدلات وفيات الأطفال إلى حوالي 46 لكل ألف مولود، وارتفاع العمر المتوقع إلى 68 عاما،  إلا أن مستوى البطالة بين المرأة لا يزال مرتفعا في جميع أنحاء المنطقة. وبالطبع، هناك أدلة كافية تظهر بأن عوامل مثل الثقافة والأعراف الاجتماعية – وليس عامل الدين، إذ أن البلدان التي تعتنق نفس الديانة تظهر بوضوح معدلات مختلفة – لها تاثير علی هذا التدني في مشاركة المرأة في ريادة الأعمال.

و تواجه منطقة الشرق الأوسط، أكثر من مناطق أخرى، حواجز محددة تحول دون تفاعل المرأة داخل المجال العام و دون وصولها إلى الموارد الحيوية. الشيء الذي يفرض قيودا ينبغي معالجتها بأخذ عدة تدابير في مجال  الوصول إلى التكنولوجيا والتمويل والحصول على المعلومات، و الذي أصبح أمرا ضروريا في عالم تسوده العولمة. وُأجملت بعض العوائق والقيود الرئيسية التي تحول دون ولوج سيدات الأعمال إلى التيار الاقتصادي  في التالي:

• الحواجز بين الجنسين: فعلى الرغم من  أن دول الشرق الأوسط  بذلت جهودا كبيرة لتضييق الفجوة بين الجنسين، إلا أنه لا يزال هناك الكثير مما يتعين القيام به لرفع الرعاية الاجتماعية للمرأة في المنطقة؛

• القواعد الثقافية؛

• القانون المدني: تميل القوانين السائدة إلى فرض بعض العادات والأعراف الاجتماعية، الشيء الذي يضفي الطابع المؤسسي و الشرعية على تصرفات معينة؛

• الوصول إلى الخدمات المالية والموارد؛

• الحواجز في بيئة الأعمال؛

• نقص البحوث والبيانات لإبلاغ استراتيجية متعلقة بالدعوة فعالة؛

……..

التفاوت بين الأقطار في منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا

يمكن إيعاز الاختلاف في معدل النشاط الريادي الإجمالي بين دول منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا إلى تنوع واختلاف التطور التاريخي لهذه الدول، وإلى اختلاف التركيب الاجتماعي ونظم الحكم بها ، فضلا عن المؤشرات الأساسية للتنمية البشرية مثل الصحة والتعليم و مستويات المعيشة. ويظل من الصعب وضع تعميمات إجمالية عبر أقطارالمنطقة  لکون هذه الأخيرة تضم عدة أنواع من الاقتصادات، فبين  اقتصادات نفطية جد غنية، مع تعداد سكاني ضعيف نسبيا و عدد كبير نسبيا من المغتربين كتلك التي تتميزبها دول الكويت وليبيا وعمان وقطر والمملكة العربية السعودية، والإمارات العربية المتحدة، و اقتصادات غير نفطية، كتلك التي تتميزبها دول الأردن والمغرب وفلسطين ومالطا وقبرص، هناك اقتصادات نفطية مختلطة مثل اقتصادات دول الجزائر وإيران ومصر وتونس واليمن وسوريا. الشيء الذي يزيد من تعقيد محاولات شرح الاختلافات في الخصوصيات والجوانب الجنسانية في التوظيف وريادة الأعمال بالمنطقة.

وهكذا، ففي كل بلد من بلدان منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا ، تعترض ريادة المرأة للأعمال عقبات و حواجز، تختلف باختلاف السياق. و يظل الترابط بين العوامل الجوهرية والخارجية الخاصة بكل بلد هو ما يحدد طبيعة الحواجزالتي تحول دون ريادة المرأة للأعمال. فعلى سبيل المثال، تعزي بعض الدراسات تدني معدلات مشاركة المرأة في القوى العاملة، في بلدان منطقة الشرق المصدرة للنفط  (جمهورية إيران الإسلامية، العراق، الكويت، المملكة العربية السعودية، والإمارات العربية المتحدة) للنفط. وهناك من يحاول أن يرجعه إلى طبيعة الهيكل الاقتصادي، والأعراف الاجتماعية، والخصائص المؤسسية للاقتصادات الغنية بالنفط التي تثني المرأة عن العمل في القطاع الرسمي. و يقول روس (2008) إن إنتاج النفط “يقلل من عدد النساء في القوى العاملة، مما يضعف بدوره نفوذهن السياسي.” هذا وتميل الدول الغنية بالنفط إلى أن يكون لديها قطاع خاص غير متنوع ، يتميز بفرص عمل  يهيمن عليها الذكور وقطاعات عامة كبيرة. وكنتيجة لذلك، غالبا ما تتركز فرص العمل المرأة، بشكل كبير، في القطاع العام٠

و يعد النفط مصدرا هاما من مصادر الدخل لبعض دول المنطقة، وخاصة دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي، وتجدر الإشارة إلى أن اعتماده كمصدر رئيسي للدخل حد من نمو القطاعات غير النفطية، وبالتالي حد ن فرص عمل المرأة في تلك القطاعات. ومن جهة أخرى، وبالرغم، من أن العديد من بلدان منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا هي بلدان مستوردة صافية للنفط ،  إلا أنها لا تزال لديها معدلات مشاركة المرأة في القوى العاملة متدنية مماثلة لدول المنطقة الغنية المصدرة النفط. في حين ، تسجل البلدان المنتجة للنفط، خارج منطقة الشرق الأوسط، مثل النرويج والاتحاد الروسي ، معدلات مشاركة القوى العاملة النسائية ارتفاعا ملحوظا.

سبل تعزيز ريادة المرأة للأعمال

هناك حاجة لجهود موجهة ومنسقة على جبهات متعددة لتعزيز مشاركة المرأة في المجالات الاقتصادية والسياسية، على أن تكون هذه الجهود تتلاءم وسياق كل بلد على حدة. ويمكن أن تشمل هذه الجهود تغييرات في السياسات لضمان المساواة للمرأة في ظل القانون، و لأجل سد الفجوات المتبقية بين الجنسين في الصحة والتعليم، ومعالجة مشكل عدم تطابق المهارات في سوق العمل، وتعزيز مشاركة المرأة المدنية والسياسية، وتغيرات في السياسات الاقتصادية باعتماد نظم أكثر دقة لضرائب العمل، و استهداف أكثر لاستحقاقات الرعاية الاجتماعية ، و الإعفاءات الضريبية، والإجازات الوالدية الممولة من القطاع العام والترقيات، و ترتيبات أفضل لعمل مرن، وتعزيز فرص الحصول على التمويل والتدريب لصاحبات المشاريع.

كل هذه الخيارات السياسية وغيرها من شأنها أن تضيق الفجوة بين الرجل والمرأة في الحياة الاقتصادية، و أن تؤدي إلى تقوية زخم النمو وخلق فرص العمل، التي يمكن أن تدعم بشكل كبيرمعدلات الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، وتضمن الرخاء للجميع. وعلاوة على ذلك، فقد فتحت البيئة الاقتصادية والسياسية الناجمة عن الربيع العربي، نافذة جديدة باتجاه فرص عديدة للتغيير. وذلك نظرا إلى تنامي العقبات ذات الصلة بتوفر اليد العاملة ، الديموغرافيا، و المالية، وتطلعات التغير في منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا، و عليه فإنه توجد هناك حاجة ماسة لإجراء إصلاحات سياسة على وجه السرعة لتعزيز خلق فرص العمل للجميع.

المراجع:

  1. Donna J. Kelley, Candida G. Brush, Patricia G. Greene, Yana Litovsky, GEM 2012 Women’s Report. 
  2. Ebba Augustin, Ruby Assad & Dalila Jaziri, 2012, Women Empowerment for Improved Research in Agricultural Development, Innovation and Knowledge Transfer in the West Asia/ North Africa Region, AARINENA Association of Agricultural Research Institutions in the Near East and North Africa 
  3. Leyla Sarfaraz, Nezameddin Faghih and Armaghan Asadi Majd 2014, The relationship between women entrepreneurship and gender equality, The Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research (JGER)
  4. Michael L. Ross, 2008, “Oil, Islam, and Women.” American Political Science Review
  5. OECD-MENA Investment Programme, 2013, Gender inequality and entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa : A statistical portrait
  6. World Bank, 2007, The Environment for Women’s Entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa Region 

Water-Energy-Food Nexus in Arab Countries

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Addressing water scarcity, both natural and human-induced, in the Arab region is considered one of the major and most critical challenges facing the Arab countries. This challenge is expected to grow with time due to many pressing driving forces, including population growth, food demand, unsettled and politicized shared water resources, climate change, and many others, forcing more countries into more expensive water sources, such as desalination, to augment their limited freshwater supplies. The heavy financial, economic, environmental, as well as social costs and burden to be borne cannot be overemphasized.

 

Furthermore, the water scarcity challenge in the Arab world is being compounded by its multiple nexuses with the various development sectors, such as water and human health, water and environment, water and food, water and energy, and many other interdependencies, which carry within them many cross-cutting issues of human rights, social, economic, legal, technical, political, and security nature.

It is important to address the various linkages of the water sector with other sectors like energy, food, health, and economic development as a whole and that professionals in all sectors should think and act beyond the boundaries of their own sector, to achieve effective and integrated resources planning and management.

Water-Energy Nexus

Amongst the most important inter-dependencies in the Arab countries is the water-energy nexus, where all the socio-economic development sectors rely on the sustainable provision of these two resources. In addition to their central and strategic importance to the region, these two resources are strongly interrelated and becoming increasingly inextricably linked as the water scarcity in the region increases.

In the water value chain, energy is required in all segments; energy is used in almost every stage of the water cycle: extracting groundwater from aquifers, feeding desalination plants with its raw sea/brackish waters and producing freshwater, pumping, conveying, and distributing freshwater, collecting wastewater and treatment and reuse.  In other words, without energy, mainly in the form of electricity, water availability, delivery systems, and human welfare will not function.

Water-Food Nexus

The water-food linkage represents another important and vital nexus in the Arab countries. Under the current unstable food security situation (fluctuating energy prices, poor harvests, rising demand from a growing population, the use of biofuels and export bans have all increased prices), the ability for the Arab countries to feed their growing population is severely challenged by competition over increasingly limited water resources.

Agriculture is currently challenged by competition among sectors on available water resources. While the majority of water in the Arab region is used inefficiently in the agricultural sector (about 85% with less than 40% efficiency), which is not only crucial for food production but also employs a large labor force of rural population, the contribution of agriculture to GDP is significantly low.

Hence, and using the argument of higher productivity per drop, voices are increasingly advocating for shift of water resources from agriculture to meet pressing demands of the industrial and municipal sectors.  The negative repercussions of that on the agricultural sector and rural population are most evident.

Future Outlook

Based on the current trends in population growth and their associated water, food, and energy demands in the Arab region, water security, energy security and food security are inextricably linked, perhaps more than any other region in the world, and that actions in one area have strong impacts on the others.

Hence, a nexus approach that integrates management and governance across these three sectors can improve these security issues; support the transition to a green economy, which aims, among others, at resources use efficiency and policy coherence.

A proper understanding of the nexus will allow decision-makers to develop appropriate policies, strategies, and investments to explore and exploit synergies, and to identify trade-offs among the development goals related to water, energy and food security. Moreover, a nexus perspective increases the understanding of the interdependencies across these three sectors and influences policies in other areas of concern such as climate change and environment.

جودة الهواء في الأردن – المخاوف الرئيسية

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يعد تلوث الهواء مصدر قلق كبير للسكان في كل أنحاء العالم، لما له من تأثير سلبي مباشر وغير مباشر على صحة الإنسان والحيوان وباقي مكونات البيئة المحيطة، ويزداد القلق من تلوث الهواء مع تعدد المصادر المساهمة بهذا التلوث وتنوعها وانتشارها الواسع. حيث بدأت مشاكل تلوث الهواء في المدن الصناعية ولم يقتصر على المدن الصناعية فحسب ولكنه انتشر ليشمل المدن ذات الكثافة السكانية العالية نظرًا لتعدد وتنوع وشدة الأنشطة البشرية فيها.

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وقد أظهرت دراسات قامت بها منظمة ال WHO أن ملوثات الهواء تسبب أمراض القلب والرئتين والأوعية الدموية  وبعض الأمراض الجلدية مثل سرطانات الجلد وذلك بسبب التعرض للأشعة فوق البنفسجية الناتج عن تآكل طبقة الأوزون، ولا يقتصر الأثر السلبي للهواء الملوث على صحة الإنسان فحسب ولكن يتعدى خطره على المناخ ويعد السبب الرئيسي لتغير المناخ عالميًا، كما يؤثر على المحاصيل الزراعية والغابات والتنوع الحيوي سواء للنبات أو للحيوان، وهو السبب وراء هطول المطر الحمضي الذي يسبب تلف في الأنسجة النباتية إذا ما تعرضت له وتلف في الأبنية ويسبب ضرر لكل ما قد يتعرض له، ويسبب أيضًا تلوث للمسطحات المائية المفتوحة إضافة إلى قلة وضوح الرؤية في الأفق.

أما في الأردن فإن الموقف مختلف قليلًا عما يبدو عليه في البلدان المكتظة صناعيًا وسكانيًا؛ نظرًا لكونها بلد غير صناعية، ولكن هذا لا ينفي وجود وتنامي مشكلة تلوث الهواء بسبب وجود مصادر أخرى لهذا التلوث، مثل: الانتشار الكبير والواسع للمركبات والمحركات بأنواعها، كما أن الانتشار الواسع لمكيفات الهواء أثر بشكل كبير على جودة الهواء سلبًا؛ وذلك لأنها ترفع من الرطوبة النسبية ونسبة الغازات الدفيئة بشكل مباشر، حيث أشارت التقارير الصادرة عن وزارة البيئة أن الرطوبة النسبية تزداد بزيادة درجات الحرارة ويعزى ذلك الارتفاع إلى الاستخدام المفرط لمكيفات الهواء نظرًا إلى أن المدن الثلاث (اربد،عمان والزرقاء) التي تتم مراقبة ورصد الهواء فيها خالية من المسطحات المائية لذا فإن فكرة التبخر من أي مصدر مائي مستبعدة.

وبالعودة إلى التقارير اليومية الصادرة من مديرية الرصد والتقييم البيئي في وزارة البيئة الأردنية، نجد أن جميع التقارير تشير إلى ارتفاع نسب ملوثات الهواء في الأماكن التي تشهد نشاط بشري مكثف بالإضافة إلى أن هذه الملوثات تتركز في الأماكن الأكثر انخفاضًا من حولها، مثل: (حديقة اليرموك-العاصمة وأمانة عمان الكبرى) مما يجعلها محصورة بين مرتفعات تحول دون تبدل الهواء فيها مما يسبب تراكم لهذه الملوثات.

كما سُجلت أيضًا قيم مرتفعة في المدن الصناعية، مثل: (المدينة الصناعية في الزرقاء ومدينة الملك عبالله الثاني الصناعية في سحاب)؛ بسبب تركز النشاط الصناعي في تلك الأماكن وزيادة الانبعاثات فيها، كما أظهرت التقارير أن الضواحي ذات الكثافة السكانية العالية، مثل (طبربور) تشهد ملوثات هوائية أكثر من غيرها بالرغم من كونها منطقة مرتفعة وخالية من الأنشطة الصناعية.

وبالرغم من أن نتائج رصد الغبار الدقيق العالق PM10 وغازاتH2S, NO2, O3, CO, SO2  أقل بكثير من المواصفات الأردنية والتي تطابق المواصفات العالمية لجودة الهواء، إلا أنه لا يمكن لنا إنكار خطرها وذلك بتراكم هذه الملوثات مع مرور الوقت بجسم الانسان كما أن هذه المؤشرات سترتفع إذا ما بقي الحال على ما هو عليه دون اتخاذ إجراءات تحد من مشاكل تلوث الهواء.

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وبعد الإطلاع على كل ما سبق وكمية المخاطر التي تهدد صحة الإنسان والبيئة من حوله، والتي تساهم في التغير المناخي والعديد من الكوارث والمشكلات التي تنتظر الكوكب الوحيد الذي نستطيع العيش عليه، لا بد لنا من اتخاذ إجراءات تحد من هذه الانبعاثات من خلال بعض التوصيات، مثل: الحد من استخدام المصادر المستهلكة للطاقة أو التقليل منها، ونظرا لصعوبة التخلي عن الكثير من الأجهزة والاختراعات لأهميتها في حياة الانسان اليومية فيجب على الشركات المصنعة للأجهزة الالكترونية والمحركات أن تعمل جاهدة لتحسين منتجاتها حتى تكون صديقة للبيئة، ويجب على الحكومات العمل على تحسين خدمات النقل العام حتى يتسنى للشعب أن يستقلها دون أن يضيع وقته وجهده وبذلك يمكنهم الاستغناء عن سياراتهم الخاصة مما يساهم بشكل كبير في التخفيض من هذه الانبعاثات،

والعمل على الحد من استخدام المواد الضارة بالبيئة واستبدالها بأخرى صديقة للبيئة والتشجيع على استهلاك هذه المنتجات من قبل الأفراد والعاملين في القطاعين العام والخاص، كما أنه يجب التنويه على أن قيادة المركبات بتباطؤ مفرط يساهم بزيادة الانبعاثات لذل يجب على السائقين تجنب القيادة بهذا الشكل ويجب التقليل من استخدام مواقد التدفئة الحطبية لأنها تساهم بزيادة المشكلة أولًا عند قطع الأشجار وثانيًا عند حرقها، وأخيرًا يجب على العاملين على إدارة مكبات النفايات إيجاد طرق بديلة لتقليص حجم النفايات غير الحرق وذلك لأن الأبخرة المتصاعدة من حرق المكبات تحمل في جعبتها أكثر الغازات سمية وضرر.

The Environmental Impacts of Car Accidents

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Car accidents are increasing all over the world. Although many people may not be aware of it, accidents can have a large negative impact on the environment. Car accidents affect people’s health and finances as well as the structure of the roads. Cars have long been known to have an environmental impact as a result of their emissions and the gas they use, which affects the planet negatively.

The recent findings now prove that even in cases of accidents, cars can still negatively impact the planet in different ways whether  directly or indirectly.

1. Gas Leaks

One of the main reasons cars have a negative impact on the environment, in general, is their excessive use of gas and their emissions which pollute the air. When car accidents occur, the risk of gas being spilled is high. This means  that gas is wasted and can in some cases even run the risk of starting a fire.

People who get involved in car accidents in the US, for example, know that the first thing they need to do is consult their lawyer to get useful information. Most of them attempt to get help from a Dui lawyer because probably the greatest threat when driving is driving while intoxicated.

According to a Houston car accident attorney, these are critical cases that need legal intervention as well. Gas leaks that occur during or after a car accident can release harmful chemicals into the air that can be poisonous to a number of living things.

2. Repairs to the Cars

After a car accident, almost all car owners involved would need to seek to fix one thing or another that may have gotten damaged. This would lead to the use of a number of elements that could be harmful to the environment. Repairing cars could see large amounts of steel and fuel being used to fix the vehicle, and that on its own has a great impact on the emissions being released and polluting the planet.

3. Impact on the Roads

Car accidents can sometimes be so massive and traumatic that they even leave behind damage to the roads. These roads would then need large-scale repairs to fix the damage or to ensure that no accidents of the same nature occur in the same place again.

Those repairs can also have a damaging impact on the environment, as the equipment used to repair the roads uses a lot of fuel and emits a large amount of air pollutants. Not to mention that roads are made of tarmac, which on its own can be damaging for the environment in a number of ways.

Also Read: Could Electric Vehicles Lead to Safer Roads?

Bottom Line

Although many people may not be aware of that fact, car accidents have as much of a negative impact on the environment as cars do themselves on normal occasions with the pollutants that they emit, if not, even more.

When someone is driving a car, they should be concerned and focused on the roads, not only to avoid any risk to their health and safety as well as the safety of others, but also to avoid the risks involved that affect the environment in the unfortunate case of an accident.

Remember to drive safely and consult a legal attorney in case of an accident to get the best advice in such situations and minimize the negative impacts of the accident.

How to Solar Power a Shed?

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Ahh, so you want to solar power a shed? Well, that’s nothing new. A few rules to follow, a few hacks to remember, and you are golden.

Solar panels are now utilized on pergolas, cabins, yachts, and RVs, in addition to roofs and RVs. Sheds are a typical component of many homes and can unquestionably benefit from renewable energy. How many solar panels will be needed to power everything, though?

solar-powered shed

A 50W solar panel can power simple storage sheds, but if the shed is also used as a home office, two 250W solar panels are the absolute least needed. To run the machinery, lights, and other devices, if the shed is used as a power tool workshop, you need at least 4000W–5000W. How much does it translate in terms of cost? To put some perspective here, you need a 5k watt solar system for a 1500 sq. ft. home and it costs about 10,750$ in the United States at an average.

When the solar kit requirements and expectations are laid out, it becomes an easy process to choose the most efficient and effective one.

Depending on the purpose for which you have chosen to transform your 10×10 metal shed, the solar electricity would differ. Add up the things that would need power in your shed, sum up the rough estimate and you’ll have something to work with.

How much solar power do I need for my shed?

This makes me feel like I’m writing down my record notes, which must be handed over first thing tomorrow. Ahh, high school, much simpler times. Although no one is not questioning me about the sustainability of using solar panels, it seems ironic I know more about it now than during my test.

Let’s work some numbers based on the type and complexity of a shed. As we all know, solar energy has found multiple domestic applications; so we’ll base our calculations on a variety of uses in a shed.

1. Storage Shed

A 12V 50W solar panel is usually chosen to light up a storage shed. This is considered an ideal power support. This allows for a couple of LED lights. In case, you are looking for something a bit brighter, it would require more juice, in which case, we suggest you go for a 100W solar panel.

If the shed is just going to be utilized for storing random knickknacks, the power consumption would be pretty low. Bare minimum. Our suggestion would be to look through a few solid solar panel kits that come with an adaptor, mounting hardware, and a charge controller. This would leave you set up comfortably.

Appliance Watts
Desktop Computer 100W-250W
Printer / Copier / Scanner 100W-200W
Modem 10W-20W
LED Lights (4 x 10W) 40W
Tablet / Phone Charger 10W
Ceiling Fan 50W-100W
Electric Heater 2000W-3000W
Coffee Machine 600W
Solar Panel Size Required: 3000 to 4000 watts

2. Backyard Office Shed

The average solar power for a shed used as a backyard office is eyeballed at around 3000W to 4000W. The typical tools you’ll need at a home office are displayed in the chart below. And the award for the most energy consumed goes to a heater or a portable fan.

About 4-5 hours of sunlight, two 250W solar panels may generate 3000W. While this is perfect for the summer. The winter season cannot be pulled through with this. Therefore, having a backup is considered wise, especially when you lack a battery bank. Alternatively, it is advised to have a solar on-grid system to avoid outages. Sometimes, even an overcast day might lead to power shortage. At least a couple of 300W solar panels are absolutely necessary for an office shed.

Appliance Watts
Desktop Computer 100W-250W
Printer / Copier / Scanner 100W-200W
Modem 10W-20W
LED Lights (4 x 10W) 40W
Tablet / Phone Charger 10W
Ceiling Fan 50W-100W
Electric Heater 2000W-3000W
Coffee Machine 600W
Solar Panel Size Required: 3000 to 4000 watts

3. Workshop Shed

A workshop shed requires anywhere between 4000W to 5000W. A five-hour spell of sunshine can help accumulate upto 3000W when three 200W solar panels are being used. This is an ideal situation. Therefore, it is better to err on the side of caution.

Gardening Tool Running Watts Starting Watts
12″ 1.5 HP Chain Saw 900W 0W
Weed Cutter 500W 600W
1.3 HP Cultivator 700W 1400W
Hedge Trimmer 450W 600W
Electric Leaf Blower 2500W 0W
Electric Strimmer 300W 500W
Electric Mower 1500W 0W
Solar System Size Required: 4000 watts

Calculating Solar Panels and Energy for PV System

A 250W solar panel has dimensions of 65 x 39 inches and a weight of roughly 40 pounds. You need to determine how many of these can the roof fit? Can the structural support the weight?

The electricity needs and the available room on the shed’s rooftop needs to be balanced more precisely than your high school chemical experiment. If you have the land, a ground-mounted solar system works in your favor. If not, you must make do with what is allowed on the roof. Tough luck, mate.

how to power a shed with solar energy

The overall wattage and the roof’s capacity to hold the weight of the panels need to be weighed before getting the panel kit. The inverter and the battery needs to be bought separately.

How to assemble solar power kit for shed

The number of panels you have and the amount of space on your roof will determine if you need to mount the solar panels to your shed roof. If you just have two or three panels, you can fasten them to the roof with Z-brackets.

Since many DIY solar panel kits come with pre-drilled holes, the remainder of the installation shouldn’t be too difficult. Although you must place the controller where you can reach it, it need not always be in plain sight.

The placing of the inverter matters and needs to be selected cautiously. It must be close to the other solar power system parts but out of the way of any landscaping or trees, shrubs, or other vegetation. If there isn’t enough space for the inverter, which gets hot when it’s functioning, it could be dangerous. The most complex procedure in the entire process is getting the wiring of the solar kit precise. Wires are required to connect the solar panels to the regulator, the controller to the battery, and finally, the battery to the inverter.

Pros and cons of a solar-powered shed

Pros

The majority of resources we now consume are non-renewable. By using solar panels, the energy consumed is from the sun, and hence renewable, making it a sustainable source of energy.

Carbon dioxide production from non-renewable resources is more likely to rise, accelerating the production of greenhouse gases that cause global warming. You contribute to the preservation of our planet’s life every time you utilise solar power for your shed.

To encourage households to utilise solar energy, cities and towns all around the country provide tax incentives, rebates, and other benefits.

Depending on how frequently you use the shed, wiring electricity to it could increase your monthly electric expenses by several hundred dollars. Your energy costs will never go up if you install a solar shed using renewable energy.

Cons

Since the beginning of time, the major issue with solar energy has been the nighttime darkness. This means that during the night and on cloudy days, the solar energy source is susceptible to disruption.

Weather-Dependence. Though, in their defense, solar panels do work during moist and overcast days, it is undeniable that the overall performance is compromised.

Solar panels are expensive. The initial cost of purchasing and installing one can seem overwhelming to several and serves as the number one cause as to why people look for cheaper alternatives. But once completed, it lasts a very long period.

Closing Thoughts

To conclude, turning a shed into a workstation or a storage space is entirely up to you. Accordingly, the tuning of the solar shed, its layout, and the solar panel power requirements vary. You could have just the bare necessities running or a FBI level unit set up, which obviously requires two completely different kinds of solar panel set up. Depending on your needs, go for a solid, and reliable solar panel kit.

The Changing Colours of the Arabian Gulf: A Grim Ecological Warning

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The shifting colours of the Arabian Gulf are more than a visual spectacle — they are warning signals of profound ecological change. Ocean colour reflects the delicate balance between sunlight, plankton, sediments, and nutrients, yet rising sea surface temperatures are disrupting this equilibrium. The unusual phytoplankton blooms are transforming the Gulf into a hotspot of environmental stress, intensifying concerns for marine ecosystems and coastal communities.

The Arabian Sea hosts one of the world’s largest oxygen minimum zones, spanning nearly 3.9 million km², underscoring the vulnerability of the region to further decline. This article explores the drivers behind these changes in ocean colour and examines their far-reaching impacts on the Arabian Gulf.

phytoplankton bloom in Gulf nations

Figure1: Phytoplankton bloom in Lake St. Clair captured by Landsat 8

Why Ocean Colour Matters

Ocean colour is more than what meets the eye. It is an important indicator of numerous parameters such as marine productivity, climate signals, and ecosystem health. The colour of the water is determined by the interaction of sunlight with the particles present in seawater, such as chlorophyll in plankton and sediments. Because of their small size, different types of plankton drift around in the ocean due to wind and ocean currents.

Role of Phytoplankton and Pigments

The pigment chlorophyll-a give the green colour to plankton. Phytoplankton are the most common type of plankton which are microscopic algae that are autotrophic (self-feeding) algae. Phytoplankton are known to transfer carbon dioxide from atmosphere to oceans acting as a carbon sink and is a major contributor to decreasing the effects of global warming. A phytoplankton bloom attracts all sorts of species to feed on them such as whales, shrimps, and other invertebrates and vertebrates.

Drivers of Ocean Colour Change in the Arabian Gulf

Recent changes in the Arabian/Persian Gulf waters are driven by a wide range of factors. The rising sea surface temperatures linked to climate change are altering seasonal cycles and encouraging blooms at unusual times. The nutrient runoff from agriculture and urban wastewater adds nitrates and phosphorus, acting as fertilizers that accelerate phytoplankton growth. Together, these drivers increase the frequency and intensity of blooms, some of which are harmful.

Plankton

Plankton are responsible for 45% of global annual primary production and are usually at the bottom of the food chain (Brierley AS et. al, 2017). Primary production causes a huge change in the ocean colour, which can usually be seen from satellite view. Either due to seasonal, nutrient availability, or more sunlight, the abundance of phytoplankton can increase and cause a bloom. There are several reasons for the drivers of phytoplankton bloom, especially in the Arabian Gulf in recent days.

Climate Change

The changing colours of the Arabian Gulf are not just signals of crisis — they are calls to action. By recognizing ocean colour as a frontline indicator of climate change, we empower ourselves to respond with urgency and innovation. Communities, scientists, and policymakers can work together to monitor blooms, reduce nutrient runoff, and champion circular solutions that restore balance to our seas. Every effort — from local cleanups to global climate commitments — contributes to protecting the Gulf’s fragile ecosystems and the livelihoods that depend on them.

The green glow seen from space reminds us that the ocean is alive, responsive, and vulnerable. But it also reminds us that human choices shape its future. By acting collectively and sustainably, we can turn warning signals into opportunities for resilience, ensuring that the Gulf’s waters remain not a symbol of decline, but of renewal and hope.

Due to recent climate change, the Gulf nations are experiencing rising sea surface temperatures that are encouraging phytoplankton bloom and productivity at unusual times and disrupting traditional seasonal cycles. Warm waters stratify the ocean, and this essentially reduces vertical ocean mixing, thus limiting the nutrient replenishment from deeper layers. This phenomenon can create conditions in which certain species, such as Noctiluca scintillans, can dominate and become invasive and form blooms.

The semi-enclosed geography of the Arabian Gulf makes it vulnerable to circulation restrictions and more shallow depth thus easily warmed from global warming. As a result, the region is experiencing frequent and longer blooms where many of them are harmful which can essentially destabilize the food web.

Nutrient runoff

Large-scale development on the coastal sides of the land involves agriculture and urban wastewater, which contain nutrients such as nitrates and phosphorus. These nutrients can increase the growth rate of phytoplankton as they act like fertilizers. This increases the frequency of algal blooms, some of which are harmful to marine and terrestrial species. During the past few decades, these shifts in ocean colour in the Gulf have greater variability more than ever.

Ecological Consequences

Dead zones

Phytoplankton blooms alter oxygen dynamics. In the Arabian Gulf, mixotrophic species such as Noctiluca scintillans consume oxygen while producing waste that fuels bacterial decomposition. This process depletes oxygen, creating hypoxic “dead zones” where marine life cannot survive. At the same time, the carbon cycle is disrupted: instead of sinking carbon to the deep ocean, blooms recycle it at the surface, weakening the ocean’s role as a climate buffer.

dead zones in the ocean

Figure 2: Dead corals and lack of fish in the ocean due to oxygen starvation

Carbon Cycle

Normally, phytoplankton blooms help regulate climate by capturing carbon dioxide, converting it into organic matter, and sending it to the deep ocean when they die or are consumed. This “biological pump” locks carbon away for centuries, slowing global warming.

However, massive blooms of mixotrophic plankton like Noctiluca scintillans disrupt this process. Because they both photosynthesize and feed on other plankton, they generate large amounts of waste and dissolved organic matter that remain near the surface. Instead of sinking, this material is rapidly decomposed by bacteria, which consume oxygen and release carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. The result is less carbon stored in the deep ocean and more carbon recycled at the surface, weakening the ocean’s role as a climate buffer and intensifying warming while expanding hypoxic “dead zones.”

Livelihoods and Fisheries

Harmful algal blooms and hypoxia-suffering zones can affect fish stocks in fisheries if they reach them. Coastal population depend on fisheries for food and income. Coastal communities are vulnerable to the reduction in fish stocks, as economic gains can rapidly decrease, and there are chances of people catching diseases from fish stocks suffering from hypoxia, as dead or decomposing fish increase.

Monitoring and Research

Research says that there might be something beyond natural seasonal and yearly changes in the ocean colour, and more related to the warming of ocean temperatures due to global warming than we think. Copernicus revealed that oceans globally are experiencing unprecedented warming and temperature records breaking barriers every day (BBC, 2024). Monitoring ocean colour is not just about aesthetics — it is a frontline indicator of climate change, ecosystem health, and human livelihoods in the GCC nations.

Case Study

On Feb 15, 2025, a satellite view from the PACE platform was captured showing very high chlorophyll a concentrations in the Gulf of Oman and Arabian Sea. The Gulf region is usually inhabited by dinoflagellate plankton, especially Noctiluca scintillans. The massive blooms have raised concerns about how the phytoplankton can decrease oxygen concentration in the water and cause dead zones. Many studies have highlighted how the Arabian Sea is one of the largest regions for oxygen minimum zones in the world, and worsened by the case of bigger Noctiluca scintillans blooms.

chlorophyll growth in the ocean

Figure 3: Chlorophyll a concentration in the Arabian Sea (Image courtesy –  PACE platform)

Recent satellite images from NASA have captured massive phytoplankton blooms in the Gulf of Oman as well, painting the waters in swirling shades of green. While visually striking, these blooms signal deeper ecological stress. The culprit is also Noctiluca scintillans. Unlike traditional diatoms that support healthy food webs, Noctiluca blooms deplete oxygen, disrupt carbon cycling, and destabilize marine ecosystems.

The Gulf of Oman, a strategic waterway linking the Arabian Sea to the Persian Gulf, is particularly vulnerable. Seasonal monsoon winds drive nutrient upwelling, fueling blooms that are now larger and more frequent than in past decades. NASA’s PACE and Landsat satellites have revealed how these blooms stretch across hundreds of kilometers, reshaping the region’s ecology.

changing colors of gulf of oman

Figure 4: Phytoplankton bloom in the Gulf of Oman

What looks like a beautiful green glow from space is, in reality, a warning sign — a reminder that ocean colour is more than aesthetics. It is a vital indicator of ecosystem health, climate signals, and the resilience of communities that depend on the sea.

Conclusion

The changing colours of the Arabian Gulf are not just signals of crisis — they are an urgent call to action. By recognizing ocean colour as a frontline indicator of climate change, we empower ourselves to respond with urgency and innovation. Communities, scientists, and policymakers can work together to monitor blooms, reduce nutrient runoff, and champion circular solutions that restore balance to our seas. Every effort — from local cleanups to global climate commitments — contributes to protecting the Arabian Gulf’s fragile ecosystems and the livelihoods that depend on them.

The green glow seen from space reminds us that the ocean is alive, responsive, and vulnerable. But it also reminds us that human choices shape its future. By acting collectively and sustainably, we can turn warning signals into opportunities for resilience, ensuring that the Arabian Gulf’s waters remain not a symbol of decline, but of renewal and hope.

References

How to Make LinkedIn Your Top Social Media B2B Marketing Platform

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A large professional network of contacts — LinkedIn — is undeservedly deprived of the attention of many companies. We are ready to reveal the advantages of this social network for you and prove that competent promotion on LinkedIn is effective.

Here, you can focus on the texts and use free templates to increase the efficiency of your promotion company. Let us discover useful details on how to make this platform your top priority for marketing purposes and get fascinating results.

Marketing strategies on LinkedIn

Why is it reasonable to join LinkedIn?

There are different reasons to join LinkedIn but at least five of them play a key role, namely:

1. The four times higher engagement

The reason for such striking differences in the degree of user engagement is the purpose of the visit. The LinkedIn audience visits the social network to search for extended information about the company and clarify its coordinates and contact details. Therefore, you can get more clicks to the company’s website from LinkedIn.

2. Wide coverage of statuses

LinkedIn’s organic reach algorithms are different from other networks, so the company’s updated status covers about 20% of the target audience.

3. More than half of international companies already have profiles on LinkedIn

According to the world business publication Forbes, about 57% of the leading companies have already registered on this network and are actively promoting via it.

4. Conversions here are higher than on Facebook

According to the online marketing service HubSpot, LinkedIn has a 2% higher conversion rate than Facebook. The reason is the interested target audience.

5. Interception of the audience

There is a tendency to increase the depth of views and user engagement in the professional network LinkedIn. Therefore, without having a company profile there, you lose your audience.

Therefore, you can find and reach exactly the target audience and thus promote your company in a very efficient and convenient way. Moreover, you can expand your team and meet professionals with whom it is worth cooperating. No wonder this platform has become so popular.

Marketing strategies on LinkedIn and their implementation

Now that you are convinced that LinkedIn is a working platform for effective promotion, let us discuss a successful content strategy on this social network:

  • Add links to publications as statistics show that publications with links are more popular than text publications by 45%.
  • Communicate with your followers by asking them questions and pique their interest with visual and video content in your statuses. Photo and video content increases status commenting by almost 100%.
  • The optimal length of the post is 21-25 printed characters in case of focusing on the B2C audience. For a B2B audience, a status with a length of 16-25 printed characters will be more effective.
  • Choose a working time for posting as the main audience of LinkedIn adheres to the office schedule and visits the professional network during working hours. Weekends and holidays are the worst days to post.
  • Post every working day. On average, you will get about 20 posts per month. This tactic gives up to 60% coverage of the target audience. If you have a need to share useful content more than once a day, feel free to do it — it will not negatively affect the statistics.

In addition, you can conduct your promotion on LinkedIn in two ways – passively and actively.

The passive strategy simply involves creating your LinkedIn profile and maintaining it. Users can independently search for a company, find out its news, and establish contact with its employees to establish partnerships.

LinkedIn marketing guide

An active strategy involves more action and time but can bring more results. If you chose it, you can benefit from the following components:

  1. Regularly update the status of the company, share news and successes, announce organized events, and share links to the company blog.
  2. Join professional communities. You can create a name for yourself as an expert in your industry among market players who organize themselves into groups on LinkedIn. Participate in discussions, share information about yourself, and declare yourself as a market leader. However, in no case engage in black PR and not spam.
  3. Always answer questions. Do not ignore uncomfortable topics; always try to give a complete answer. Again, this will help you establish yourself as an expert in your industry.
  4. Register your employees. Mentioning the name of the company and grouping its employees into one group will strengthen the image of the company and show its professionalism in establishing business contacts.
  5. Look for new employees on LinkedIn. Post company vacancies or search for candidates yourself – LinkedIn is a great platform for finding and connecting with professionals in your area.

Bottom Line

Choose your LinkedIn promotion strategy and share only high-quality and competent content. In this professional network, you will find those you are looking for, whether they are clients or partners.

Sahara Nature-Based Solutions: Algeria’s Ancestral Water Systems for Climate Resilience and Sustainability

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Nature‑based solutions (NBS) have emerged as a critical strategy for sustainable water resource management, especially in arid and semi‑arid regions where water scarcity is amplified by increasingly erratic rainfall, more frequent extreme weather events, and progressive ecosystem degradation. Algeria, which spans from the Mediterranean littoral to the vast expanses of the Sahara Desert, is endowed with a rich heritage of traditional hydraulic techniques adapted over centuries to the region’s harsh climate [1].

Long before modern hydraulic infrastructures, these techniques leveraged a deep understanding of local hydrology and integrated human settlements within the natural cycles, enabling a remarkable resilience to climatic fluctuations. Within this heritage, the foggaras of Touat, Gourara, and Tidikelt, the ghouts of Oued Souf, and the jessour and water harvesting terraces of pre‑Saharan zones represent powerful embodiments of Algerian ingenuity, combining hydraulic efficiency, climate adaptation, biodiversity protection, and cultural as well as economic value [2].

The foggaras, emblematic of Saharan oasis, illustrate one of the most advanced methods of sustainably mobilizing groundwater without external energy inputs. These consist of gently sloping underground galleries transporting groundwater from aquifer recharge zones to agricultural lands, connected to the surface by vertical wells evenly spaced along their length. This gravity-driven design allows deeply buried water to emerge without mechanical pumping, avoids over-extraction when managed well, and drastically reduces evaporation losses by keeping water underground until it reaches the fields. Importantly, foggaras operate not only on geotechnical and hydrogeological principles but also on robust communal governance: “water measurers,” whose skills are transmitted across generations, regulate water allocation, monitor flow rates, and oversee maintenance. This social‑institutional arrangement has been recognized by UNESCO as intangible cultural heritage and guarantees equitable water distribution even in times of stress [3].

nature-based water management

 

Figure 1: Kasria (Water Distributor) of a Foggara System

Because of these characteristics, foggaras provide a concrete example of how nature-based solutions can enhance community resilience in the face of prolonged droughts or hydrological variability induced by climate change: they facilitate natural aquifer recharge, maintain steady water flows, and sustain oasis agriculture and social life under extreme conditions.

Yet this ancestral system faces growing threats from modern pressures. The widespread drilling of motorized boreholes, often unregulated has led to steep declines in aquifer levels, undermining the functioning of many foggaras and compromising water security for oasis communities. A detailed hydrological and socio‑environmental investigation in the region of Timimoun reveals that such overexploitation is the principal cause for the drawdown of foggaras, endangering their sustainability [4].

Despite these challenges, recent case studies show that local communities are not passive victims; rather, they demonstrate adaptive capacity through restoration efforts, reorganization of water rights, and blending traditional practices with modern techniques. In the study by Salem Idda and colleagues, for example, of the roughly 2,000 foggaras historically present in the oases of Touat, Gourara and Tidikelt, 672 remain functional as of their 2021 survey, delivering a collective perennial flow of about 1.8 m³/s. Meanwhile, the area irrigated in the traditional (foggaras‑fed) sector increased from 9,800 ha in 1980 to over 15,000 ha in 2014 [3].

These trends strongly suggest that rather than being relics frozen in time, foggaras are “living irrigation systems,” evolving in response to changing socio‑economic and environmental conditions. In some instances, communities have formally banned new boreholes in catchment areas, set up associations for collective maintenance, reallocated water shares more equitably, and mobilized collective financial contributions for rehabilitation work [3,5].

Moreover, recent technical innovations are being introduced to support foggaras’ survival under contemporary climate pressures. Studies in the Touat region (e.g. Reggane) show that using solar energy to drive water-lifting systems and combining them with water‑efficient irrigation techniques, profitable high‑value crops, and proper agronomic practices can increase cropped area, improve water savings, raise foggara flow, and significantly boost farmers’ income, improvements quantified at +50% area, +100% water saved, +500% in flow and income in some trials [6].

Such innovations reduce reliance on fossil‑fuel-based pumping, align irrigation practices with limited water availability, and integrate modern environmental engineering with traditional communal water management; a hybrid NBS‑plus‑technology approach. In this way, foggaras become not only symbols of cultural heritage but active components of climate‑adaptation strategies.

Turning to another heritage system, the ghout, typical of eastern Sahara zones demonstrates a different but complementary water‑management philosophy. Instead of tapping deep aquifers, ghouts capitalize on shallow water tables by constructing basins (bowls) where date palms are planted. The excavation, combined with vegetative barriers such as young palms and shrubs that act as windbreaks and sand stabilizers, creates a favorable microclimate in which evaporation is reduced, soils are stabilized, and humidity is maintained locally. This design significantly mitigates the harshness of Sahara desert conditions, providing a natural buffer against extreme aridity and thermal stress.

ghout in algeria

Figure 2: Aerial View of a Ghout System in the Sahara

By reducing water losses and stabilizing soils, ghouts contribute to preserving oasis ecosystems and sustaining agricultural production even under conditions of rising temperatures and increased aridity conditions projected under climate change scenarios. The maintenance of such moist, vegetated micro‑environments supports biodiversity, safeguards associated flora and fauna adapted to oasis ecosystems, and sustains vital ecosystem services such as local climate regulation, water storage, and sustainable agriculture. As such, ghouts constitute a nature-based adaptation strategy tailored to extreme environments, offering a functional alternative to energy‑intensive irrigation systems. In certain cases, ghout-like systems have been recognized by international bodies (e.g. FAO) among Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS), reinforcing their value as integrated socio‑ecological systems.

In pre‑Saharan zones, traditional water‑harvesting structures such as jessour (earthen or stone walls built across slopes) and terraced fields further enrich the palette of ancestral NBS. These structures capture and slow down runoff from episodic rains, retain fertile sediment, promote infiltration, reduce soil erosion, and help recharge superficial aquifers. In a climate where precipitation events are unpredictable but increasingly intense, such systems provide a low‑cost, ecologically appropriate, and socially embedded response for water conservation, soil protection, and agricultural resilience. Their adaptability, reliance on local materials, and alignment with community practices make them especially valuable under changing climatic conditions, offering rural populations tools for food security, water management, and risk reduction.

The benefits of deploying and maintaining these traditional nature-based solutions are multiple and synergistic. First, they contribute to regulating microclimates: shading, vegetation, and soil moisture help mitigate heat stress, reduce evaporation, and moderate desert temperatures. Second, they sustain biodiversity by preserving oasis ecosystems, endemic plants (e.g. date palms and companion crops), soil microorganisms, and wildlife adapted to these environments.

Third, they maintain agro‑ecosystems in which trees, crops, and soils interact in a balanced, regenerative manner, ensuring long-term agricultural productivity without excessive reliance on external inputs. Fourth, they support local economies: high-quality dates, fruit and vegetable crops, and perhaps agro‑products for niche markets, plus potential for eco-tourism and cultural heritage tourism centered on the ancient hydraulic systems. Fifth, they anchor social cohesion and cultural identity through the transmission of knowledge, customary water‑sharing institutions, community governance, and locally rooted agricultural practices.

Recent studies reinforce these points and quantify some benefits. In the region of Adrar (Sahara), for example, a 2023 investigation documented a foggara  still in perfect condition, feeding palm groves that produce dates of exceptional quality, a living testimony of resistance against intensive groundwater drilling and unsustainable agriculture expansion [7].

In the case of the oasis of El Guerrara, research covering 1990–2019 demonstrated that ancestral floodwater management techniques, including a 1.8 km‑long dam, 10 km of seguias, and underground recharge wells, succeeded in capturing flash floods of the Zegrir River to recharge aquifers homogeneously and irrigate some 80,000 palm trees [8]. These documented examples show the capacity of traditional NBS to adapt to hydrological extremes, re‑use episodic floodwater, and maintain water security under climate stress.

Another notable development is the renewed interest in reviving and reinforcing foggaras using renewable energy and modern water‑saving irrigation methods. The 2023 sustainable‑irrigation project in Timimoun, restoring the Amghir foggara, reconnected water to 8 previously unirrigated gardens, benefited 32 farmers, and trained 22 young people in maintenance and heritage preservation [9]. Such initiatives not only safeguard cultural heritage but also reinforce local adaptive capacity, strengthen livelihoods, and provide a replicable model for other oases.

Nevertheless, the sustainability of these ancestral systems cannot be taken for granted. Several conditions must be met and supported by policy. First, modern groundwater pumping must be regulated strictly to prevent overexploitation and ensure aquifer recharge keeps pace with abstraction. Without sound regulation and monitoring, foggaras, and similar systems, will continue to degrade as has been documented in several studies reporting that many traditional galleries are drying up or abandoned [10].

Second, the transmission of technical and institutional knowledge must be supported through training, documentation, and inclusion of younger generations, especially water‑measurers, maintenance workers, and community governance actors to ensure that water‑allocation rules, maintenance practices, and customary governance endure.

Third, integration into public policy is crucial. Traditional NBS should not be sidelined in favour of large-scale hydraulic projects (dams, inter-basin transfers, or desalination) but rather recognized, financed, and supported as complementary, sustainable and low‑impact options for water security. Fourth, hybrid approaches combining ancestral techniques and modern technology such as solar‑powered pumping (when needed), sensor-based piezometric monitoring, regulated drip irrigation, participatory mapping, data-driven water‑management plans can enhance efficiency, transparency, and resilience under climate change.

The economic and social potential of restoring and valorizing these systems is significant. Legal recognition of foggaras, ghouts, jessour, and associated infrastructures as part of the national heritage and as functional water‑management systems can unlock public funding, international aid, climate adaptation financing, and incentive mechanisms for their maintenance. Cultural and eco-tourism linked to unique hydraulic heritage can provide alternative income streams, supporting livelihoods, diversifying local economies, and enhancing social resilience. At the same time, these systems contribute to combating desertification, stabilizing microclimates, safeguarding ecosystem services, and reinforcing community-based climate adaptation strategies.

A comprehensive analysis of Algeria’s traditional NBS reveals that these ancestral systems remain deeply relevant to the country’s hydrological, climatic, ecological, cultural, and socio-economic realities. Their efficiency, renewable-nature, biodiversity and ecosystem benefits, low energy footprint, cultural value, and alignment with sustainable development objectives make them exemplary models, reproducible, modernizable, and resilient.

In a context of escalating water stress, climate change impacts, and growing demand for sustainable development, rehabilitating and integrating foggaras, ghouts, jessour and other ancestral hydraulic infrastructures becomes not only a matter of heritage preservation but a strategic imperative. These systems should be viewed not as relics of the past, but as dynamic, living tools for climate adaptation, sustainable water management, ecosystem stewardship, and cultural and economic development. They show that human ingenuity, when aligned with natural processes, can offer integrated and long-lasting solutions to the challenges of climate change, water scarcity, and environmental degradation, and deliver multiple co-benefits for people, ecosystems, and future generations.

References

[1] Santos, E. Nature-Based Solutions for Water Management in Europe: What Works, What Does Not, and What’s Next? Water 2025,17,2193. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17152193

[2] Boualem Remini, Bachir Achour.The foggara in Algeria: A hydraulic world heritage.January 2010, Revue Des Sciences De L’Eau 23 (2):105-117.

[3] Idda, S., Bonté, B., Kuper, M., & Mansour, H. (2021). Revealing the Foggara as a Living Irrigation System through an Institutional Analysis: Evidence from Oases in the Algerian Sahara. International Journal of the Commons, 15(1), pp. 431–448. DOI: https://doi. org/10.5334/ijc.1128

[4] Zeyneb Moulay Omar. The effect of boreholes on the traditional modes of distribution of irrigation water in the South of Algeria, case study Foggaras of Timimoun. Pan African University Institute for Water and Energy Sciences (Incl. Climate Change). Master in Water Engineering track. Academic Year: 2015-2016

[5] :Pascual,R.; Piana, L.;Bhat, S.U.;Castro,P.F.;Corbera, J.; Cummings,D.;Delgado,C.;Eades,E.; Fensham,R.J.; Fernández-Martínez, M.;et al. The Cultural Ecohydrogeology of Mediterranean-Climate Springs: A Global Review with Case Studies. Environments2024,11,110. https:// doi.org/10.3390/environments 11060110

[6] https://www.aljest.net/index.php/aljest/article/view/310?utm

[7].https://www.emkp.org/foggaras-water-production-in-the-adrar-palm-grove-oases-sahara-algeria/?utm

[8] https://www.larhyss.net/ojs/index.php/larhyss/article/view/703?utm

[9] https://www.undp.org/fr/algeria/blog/sustainable-irrigation-thanks-foggaras-algerian-sahara?utm

[10] Mohamed, B., Remini, B. Water wells’ exploitation and its impact on the drying up of foggaras. Appl Water Sci 7, 349–359 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-014-0250-2

When Minimalism Backfires: The Hows and Whys

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Many regards minimalism to be a backlash wave, a ‘first world’ solution to modern consumerism, considering that some parts of the world still live way below the poverty line and can’t access the goods that we reject consciously. Meanwhile, in regions like MENA (the Middle East and North Africa), resources are scarce, and the conversation takes on a whole different tone.

Moreover, according to the latest 2025 data from World Bank, around 808 million people worldwide live in “extreme poverty,” defined under the new international poverty line of $3.00 a day.

minimalist lifestyle

However, this is precisely the reason the Western world has embraced minimalism. It is mature enough to realize that the link between possession and happiness is lost once we cross the poverty line and ensure all our basic needs are met. Food, shelter, utilities, etc. In regions confronting water shortage and high energy demand, minimalism is increasingly framed not as an aesthetic but as a sustainability strategy.

Objects don’t fulfill us. Unfortunately, that has been well established by people suffering from hoarding disorder. But there’s another side to the coin. Can minimalism meant to sustain actually harm psychological or environmental well-being?

Less Isn’t More? Enter, Overminimalism

Minimalism in its healthy form can indeed calm an overstimulated nervous system. Get control in a world where so little is controlled.

But minimalism can also become something else entirely: an attempt to fill, mask, or control an emotional void. And when sustainability messages are reduced to “own nothing,” they risk becoming disconnected from cultural realities in places where resource efficiency is the true goal.

At its core, the question is not HOW MUCH a person owns but WHY they feel compelled to own so little. In other words, ‘too much of a good thing’…

The Emotional Void Behind the Aesthetic

From a psychological perspective, extreme minimalism may serve as a defensive strategy. You’re lucky if you’ve never anger-cleansed your space.

Many of us describe a sense of “peace” in empty rooms, but sometimes that peace is the silence of suppressed emotions. And in the context of environmental behavior, this can create a misleading impression that sustainability equals deprivation, rather than mindful use of resources.

People experiencing chronic loneliness, childhood emotional neglect, attachment disruptions, or trauma often develop what psychologists call deactivating strategies, i.e.,  attempts to minimize emotional stimulation to avoid discomfort. It can take both sides of the behavioural spectrum and lead to extreme minimalism or hoarding.

zero waste kitchen

When “Less” Becomes Control

Research shows that individuals with low tolerance of uncertainty often tightly regulate their physical environments to compensate for internal chaos. In sustainability terms, this can lead to rigid “rules” rather than adaptable, community-focused habits, i.e., the opposite of long-term ecological resilience.

Aesthetic ≠ Identity. Quit Performing

The overlap between rigid minimalism and perfectionistic coping is well supported in clinical literature. Perfectionism is rarely about wanting things to be perfect; it is about avoiding feelings of shame, inadequacy, and exposure. It is inherently self-punishing. Hence, the rise in online performance and worldwide use of online editor apps.

This mirrors the cultural tension between idealized ‘aesthetic minimalism’ and practical sustainability efforts that prioritize durability, repair, and resource efficiency instead of sterile perfection.

When minimalism fills an emotional void rather than resolving it, it stops being a lifestyle and becomes a symptom. And like any symptom, it calls not for stricter rules or emptier rooms, but for deeper understanding.