Raising the Next Generation of Environmental Stewards Through Storytelling

When we talk about solving the climate crisis, or biodiversity loss, or deforestation, or plastic choking our rivers, the names that come up are usually the same ones. Governments. Scientists. Corporations. Policymakers. Big institutions with big budgets and long acronyms. And yes, all of that matters. But there’s a group we keep leaving out of that conversation, and honestly, it bothers me every time I notice it.

Children.

The decisions we’re making right now, today, will be the world our kids inherit. That’s not a metaphor. That’s just true. And if we’re serious about a sustainable future, we can’t just build better solar panels and pass better legislation. We have to raise people who actually care. That starts earlier than most of us think.

storytelling for environmental stewardship

Why Environmental Education Matters

Kids are curious in a way that adults have mostly forgotten how to be. They want to know why the sky turns orange at dusk, why some trees lose their leaves and others don’t, and where the rain goes after it soaks into the ground. That kind of wonder is not something you have to manufacture. It’s already there.

Those early years are a genuine opening. When children encounter nature and conservation before the world has taught them to feel overwhelmed or cynical, something sticks. Not just facts. Values. A sense that the natural world is worth paying attention to, worth protecting.

Kids who grow up with that kind of grounding tend to carry it forward. They develop respect for ecosystems. They understand, really understand, not just recite, why natural resources matter. They build habits that last. And eventually, they become the kind of adults who actually care about their communities and the world beyond their front door.

Environmental education isn’t just content delivery. It’s about helping a child feel that they belong to something larger than themselves and that what they do matters.

The Challenge of Talking About Climate Change

Here’s the honest difficulty: climate change is real, urgent, and complicated. And explaining it to a six-year-old is hard.

The scientific literature wasn’t written for children. Terms like “climate adaptation” and “carbon footprint” don’t exactly spark wonder in a first-grader. And yet children are already hearing about climate change. From the news their parents watch, from conversations at school, sometimes from a fear they can’t quite name when they see images of flooding or wildfire on a screen.

So what do you do with that? You can’t pretend the problems don’t exist. But you also can’t hand a child a burden without also handing them some sense of possibility.

That’s the balance I kept thinking about. Children need honesty. They also need hope. And they need to see themselves somewhere in the story, not as victims of what adults have done, but as people who can actually do something.

Why I Wrote The Great Green Earth

Conservation has always mattered to me. But for a long time, if I’m being honest, it lived mostly in my head. I felt it, believed in it, talked about it. I just hadn’t done anything about it.

What changed that was a moment I didn’t see coming.

We were in an Uber, my family and I, caught in the usual Nairobi traffic, when our nanny casually tossed a banana peel out the window. My children saw it happen. The way they turned to me, almost indignant, tripping over each other to report what they’d just witnessed, was something I wasn’t prepared for. The urgency in their voices and the genuine offence they took.

That moment stayed with me.

I started thinking, what if more children carried that same fire? That instinctive sense that something was wrong, that it mattered, that someone needed to know? I’m not suggesting other kids don’t care. But I also know my children didn’t arrive at those values by accident. We planted them over the years through the things we talked about at home, the habits we modelled, the way we framed the world around us.

That’s what pushed me to finally write the book. Not just the passion I’d been sitting on for years, but the realization that these values can be taught and that the earlier we start, the deeper they take root.

Excerpt from The Great Green Earth

The following excerpt is adapted from The Great Green Earth.

Once, there was an awesome, great, and beautiful planet called Earth. Earth was home to many living creatures, including animals of all kinds. It had forests, oceans, rivers, and wonderful places where people and wildlife lived together. Earth was a happy place, and everyone who lived on it loved it.

One day, however, something began to feel different. The air became warmer, and the weather started to change. Some days were unusually hot, while others were unexpectedly cold. The ice at the North and South Poles began to melt, causing ocean levels to rise. Sadly, some of the places where animals lived were covered by water.

The people of Earth became concerned. They knew that something was happening to their beautiful planet, but they did not know what was causing it or how to fix it.

Then a group of determined scientists made an important discovery. They explained that the Earth was becoming hotter because of something called climate change.

The scientists told people that climate change was largely caused by the burning of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are the remains of ancient plants and animals that help power our cars, homes, and industries. When these fuels are burned, they release gases such as carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat from the sun, causing the Earth to become warmer.

The scientists also explained that cutting down trees and certain farming activities contribute to climate change.

The people were surprised. They had not realised that some of their everyday actions were harming the planet they loved so much.

Determined to make a difference, they created a plan……….

Encouraging Conversations Beyond the Page

There are concepts in The Great Green Earth, things like climate change, clean energy, and recycling, that I deliberately didn’t explain in full technical detail. Some people might read it and think I left things out. I did. On purpose.

I wanted to leave room. When a child comes across something unfamiliar in the book and turns to a parent or a teacher or an older sibling and asks, “What does that mean?” that moment is the point. That question is the whole thing. The book is meant to open a door, not close one.

Some of the most meaningful learning I’ve witnessed doesn’t happen during a lesson. It happens in the car on the way home from school. At the dinner table. While you’re planting something together. Late at night when a kid won’t go to sleep because they’re still turning something over in their mind. The Great Green Earth is designed to generate those moments. It’s the beginning of a dialogue, not the end of one.

From Awareness to Action

One thing I feel strongly about, and I try to get this across in the book, is that you don’t have to be an adult to make a difference. Children don’t have to wait.

Planting a tree is real. Picking up litter is real. Turning off a tap, asking a parent why a certain product comes wrapped in so much plastic. All of it counts. Small actions compound. Habits formed young tend to last.

Parents and caregivers matter enormously here too. There’s something that happens when a family does this kind of thing together. A community clean-up, a tree planted in the backyard, or even just a conversation about why a certain river looks different than it used to. A child who experiences that doesn’t forget it. I certainly haven’t forgotten mine.

environmental literacy

Environmental education is the foundation for progress.

Building a Culture of Stewardship

Policies matter. Technology matters. But neither sustains itself without a culture that genuinely values the natural world.

A child who grows up understanding environmental responsibility, who has internalized it and not just memorized it, is more likely to become an adult who votes for conservation, makes different choices at the supermarket, and raises their own children with those values. The return on that investment compounds in ways that are almost impossible to measure.

That’s why I think environmental education deserves to be treated as seriously as any other subject. Not as a feel-good add-on, but as something foundational. Every child who falls in love with nature is a potential advocate. And right now, the world needs as many of those as it can get.

Looking Ahead

The response to The Great Green Earth has genuinely surprised me. Not because I doubted the idea, but because you never quite know how something will land until it does. People have connected with it in ways I didn’t anticipate, and that’s reinforced something I already believed: this kind of work matters, and it matters early.

The project has grown in directions I didn’t initially plan for. Through a connection I’m still a little amazed by, volunteers from Climate Cardinals, a global youth-led nonprofit dedicated to making climate information accessible across languages, have completed translations of the book into French, German, and Spanish. Those editions are expected to be published in the coming months.

I think about what that means. A child in Senegal reading about conservation in French. A child in Mexico encountering these ideas in Spanish. The problems we’re facing don’t respect borders, and neither should the education we’re trying to provide.

Conclusion

The future of this planet will be shaped by the values we pass on, not just the policies we pass. Our children are not simply going to inherit what we leave behind. They’re going to decide what to do with it.

Environmental education gives them the tools to do that. It helps them feel connected to the natural world rather than alienated from it. It gives them agency, the sense that they are participants in what happens next, not bystanders.

That journey begins differently for every child.

Sometimes it begins with a lesson. Sometimes with an experience, a forest walk, a river, a sky full of birds. And sometimes, it begins with a story.

An Environmental Message For the World

These are strange times indeed. Children today are bombarded with phrases such as global warming, carbon footprint and deforestation. These scary terms were totally alien a hundred years ago, but we only have ourselves to blame for their importance now. I ask you a simple question “What kind of future are you leaving for children and youth like me?”

indigenous-communities-deforestation

Every day, every minute we are writing an epitaph for a lake, or a wetland or a forest. The mighty river Ganges which once flowed, pristine and pure, from the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal, is now a cesspool of filth. The roaring Yangste River has forgotten its original trail thanks to the numerous dams and barrages which it encounters.

The Himalayas, shorn of their glacial cover, look like dull pieces of chalk. The historic Dodo is now rejoicing at the thought that it may soon have tigers, lions and pandas for company. The Caspian Sea is now more of a lake than a sea. Caviar may soon be just a word in the dictionary, given the rate at which sturgeons are being fished out.

Every day, while millions go hungry, we let tons of food rot in warehouses. Thousands of children walk miles in the scorching heat to collect a bucket of brackish water because the world does not take note while the rivers dry up.

water-scarcity

The questions that arise are: by the time my child goes to school, how many more such species, lakes, forests, rivers will disappear? What kind of environment will the future generations inherit? Isn’t now time ripe to institute ombudspersons for our future generations so that we can prevent recurrence of environmental disasters? The question that we ask is when, instead of why.

In the words of Robert Swan, “The Greatest Threat to Our Planet Is the Belief That Someone Else Will Save It”. I implore you to take action and turn back the clock before it is too late. We urge you not to ignore us. Listen to us, involve us, allow us to help you in framing the policies that will deliver the future we want.

climate-change-water-scarcity

In the the words of Mother Teresa – “Yesterday is gone. Tomorrow has not yet come. We have only today. Let us begin.

Thank you.

Recycling Attitudes in Saudi Arabia: A Survey

The waste management and recycling industry in Saudi Arabia is underestimated source of income. The continued increase in population and industrial development in the Kingdom has increased individual waste generation manifolds in the past few decades. The shortage of recycling industries in Saudi Arabia cost around SR 40 billion. The focus of Saudi recycling industry is plastic, papers and metals. If recycling industry targeted only plastic and paper and metals they can meet the need of the Saudi market efficiently.

recycling-saudi-arabia

According to Arab League, recycling industry in Saudi Arabia can save over 500 million SR just from iron, paper and plastic waste. The distribution of recycling companies is manly in big cities which make sense for the huge expected amount of waste products. There are several recycling companies operating in the big cities such as Riyadh, Jeddah and Dammam.

The new orientation of Saudi Arabia as a country is toward the global investment as per Vision 2030 released by Chairman of the Council of Economic and Development Affairs Mohammad bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud.  The envisioned industrial growth of Saudi Arabia emphasizes the need to adopt modern recycling practices and encourage recycling attitude in public.

Recycling Attitude in Saudi Arabia

The government did its part by encouraging recycling industry and while I was searching I noticed that there are many recycling companies in the Kingdom.  The question is not why the recycling attitude is not active or obvious, rather than how to make it a daily habit? At the beginning, I did a personal interview with few people in their 50-60 years old about recycling and why they should do it? The answers were disappointing because of lack of knowledge and awareness. Then I thought to switch to the young generation who are more educated and knowledgeable.

I did a short survey to get a sense of young generation recycling attitude in Saudi Arabia. The survey was addressed to the University students in the age group of 18-24 years. I asked about several issues and whether if they agree with the recycling act or not? And if there are recycling services nearby where they live? The survey showed that majority of people acknowledged the importance of recycling act and would like to contribute.

recycling-saudi-arabia

The survey showed that 74% of the sample think that recycling is very important but 45% of them recycle their house waste sometimes, while 44% don’t recycle at all. The challenge for 50% of the people on survey sample was the lack of recycling containers near where they live. However, around 15% of the sample think that sorting material is difficult while 12% think that recycling is not important.

recycling-behaviour

Key Takeaways

It seems that majority of the young generation in Saudi Arabia accept the fact that recycling is a healthy choice and important to the environment but lack the facilities or containers other than embedding the attitude of recycling in their daily behavior. The need to embed the healthy recycling behavior is very important especially in this era of economic challenge. To enhance the recycling act, we should start from school to implant recycling importance in education.

Although decision makers are predominantly from the older generation but discussing the present and future issues should be always directed to the young generation since they represent majority of the population in Saudi Arabia. As per latest data, the population of Saudi Arabia is 32,384,951, with median age of 28 years old and 15 person per km2 population density. The urban population represents 78% of Saudis with 1.5 percent growth rate.

waste-awareness-saudi-arabia

The global issues associated with unbalanced environment should be more clear to the public. The global warming, the plastic virtual life, how many years until all these products degraded and do not affect the microflora and other creatures. The importance of biodiversity in creatures and soil, air, water microorganisms. Why we should care when we through stuff without sorting? Why recycling is a sign of good manners? All these questions and more should be answered and included in education.

The other major step is to establish environmental center under the government supervision to provide containers and production lines. The step of environmental care center establishment should be accompanied with recycling industry business broadcasted on all sort of media. Social media such as Snapchat, Twitter, Facebook and Instagram became the broadcasting tool for the young generation.

Using the media nowadays is necessity as a part of transparency. Applying transparency is an essential key to gain people trust and attention to their contribution toward any case. Making recycling attitude as an obvious contribution of people encourages them to continue the healthy act.

Waste-to-Energy Outlook for the Middle East

High-income Middle Eastern countries like Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Bahrain and Kuwait are counted as world’s largest waste producers in terms of per capita waste generation which is more than 2kg per day in some countries. The urban waste generation from the region has now crossed 150 million tons per year which has forced policy-makers and urban planners to seriously look for sustainable waste management solutions, including recycling and waste-to-energy.

landfill-middle-east

Let us take a look at solid waste generation in major countries across the Middle East region:

Country MSW Generation

(million tons per annum)

Saudi Arabia 15
United Arab Emirates 6
Qatar 2.5
Kuwait 2
Bahrain 1.5
Egypt 20
Tunisia 2.3
Morocco 5
Lebanon 1.6
Jordan 2

In addition, huge quantity of sewage sludge is also generated in the Middle East which presents a serious problem due to its high treatment costs and risk to environment and human health. On an average, the rate of wastewater generation is 80-200 litres per person each day and sewage output is rising by 25 percent every year across the region.

Waste-to-Energy Conversion Pathways

Municipal solid waste is a very good source of biomass in the Middle East. Municipal solid waste is comprised of organic fraction, paper, glass, plastics, metals, wood etc. Almost 50% of the solid waste is contributed by organic matter.

MSW can be converted into energy by conventional technologies (such as incineration, mass-burn and landfill gas capture). Municipal solid waste can also be efficiently converted into energy and fuels by advanced thermal technologies, such as gasification and pyrolysis.

energy-from-waste-schematic

 

At the landfill sites, the gas produced by the natural decomposition of MSW is collected from the stored material and scrubbed and cleaned before feeding into internal combustion engines or gas turbines to generate heat and power. In addition, the organic fraction of MSW can be anaerobically stabilized in a high-rate digester to obtain biogas for electricity or steam generation.

Anaerobic digestion is the most preferred option to extract energy from sewage, which leads to production of biogas and organic fertilizer. The sewage sludge that remains can be incinerated or gasified or pyrolyzed to produce more energy. In addition, sewage-to-energy processes also facilitate water recycling.

Relevance of Waste-to-Energy for Middle East

The variety of technological options available means that waste-to-energy can be applied at a small, localized scale primarily for heat, or it can be used in much larger base-load power generation capacity whilst also producing heat. Waste-to-energy conversion can thus be tailored to rural or urban environments in the Middle East, and utilized in domestic, commercial or industrial applications in the entire region.

The world’s dependence on Middle East energy resources has caused the region to have some of the largest carbon footprints per capita worldwide. The Middle East region is now gearing up to meet the challenge of global warming, as with the rapid growth of the waste management sector. During the last few years, UAE, Qatar and Saudi Arabia have unveiled multi-billion dollar investment plans to improve waste management scenario. In particular, the establishment of Domestic Solid Waste Management Centre in Qatar has catalyzed public interest in deployment of waste-to-energy systems in the Middle East.

Energy from MSW is rapidly gaining worldwide recognition as the fourth ‘R’ in sustainable waste management system – Reuse, Reduce, Recycle and Recover. A transition from conventional waste management system to one based on sustainable practices is necessary to address environmental concerns and to foster sustainable development in the region.

Progress of Green Building Sector in Qatar

There has been rapid progress in green building sector in Qatar with the emergence of many world-class sustainable constructions in recent years. With the fifth-highest number of LEED-registered and certified buildings outside the U.S., Qatar has valuable experience and inputs to offer on the system’s local relevancy and application. Various countries in the Middle East have been accredited with regards to the LEED system. Of these buildings, 65 per cent (802) are located in the UAE. Qatar is ranked second on the list, with 173 green buildings, followed by Saudi Arabia (145), Lebanon (25) and Egypt (22).

Green-Building-Qatar

Qatar’s Green Building Rating System

Qatar has developed established its own assessment called Global Sustainability Assessment System (GSAS), formerly known as the Qatar Sustainability Assessment System (QSAS) system specifically developed for the State of Qatar.

GSAS is billed as the world’s most comprehensive green building assessment system developed after rigorous analysis of 40 green building codes from all over the world. The assessment criterion takes into consideration various categories related to sustainable development and its impact on environmental stress mitigation. Each criterion elucidates the requirements of reducing environmental stress and a score is then given to each criterion based on the level of compliance.

QSAS is assessed on the following eight categories; urban connectivity, site, energy, water, indoor environment, materials, management and operations and cultural – economic values. Qatar has incorporated QSAS into Qatar Construction Standards 2010 and it is now mandatory for all private and public sector projects to get GSAS certification.

Qatar Green Building Council

The Qatar Green Building Council (QGBC) was established in 2009 to promote sustainable growth and development in Qatar through cost efficient and environment-friendly building practices. The organisation aims to support the overall health and sustainability its environment, people and economic security in Qatar for generations to come.

qatar-green-building-rating

The criteria of GSAS certification is divided into eight different categories

As one of the 30 members of the LEED roundtable, the Qatar Green Building Council endeavour to prioritise factors such as environmental conditions and its influence on green buildings. For instance, in arid regions such as Qatar, improving a building’s water efficiency in order to reduce the burden on local supply is a priority.

Benefits of Green Buildings for Qatar

Sustainable development has been identified as one of the top priorities in Qatar’s National Development Strategy. The ultimate objective of green buildings is to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment. This can be promoted by using water, energy and other resources more efficiently as well as ensuring occupant health and improving employee productivity.

Green buildings can bring a variety of social, economic and environmental benefits for Qatari residents. Through rainwater harvesting, greywater recycling and renewable energy systems, green buildings can promote water conservation, energy management as well as climate change mitigation. Moreover, this can also bring along sizable reduction in operation costs and offer long-term savings.

Finally, sustainable buildings in Qatar can improve overall health of the occupants by tackling common issues such as insufficient air circulation, poor lighting and temperature variances. Green buildings emphasize natural ventilation which creates healthier and more comfortable living environments.

Qatar National Convention Center – A Shining Example

The Qatar National Convention Center, located in Doha, has recently been accredited for its approach to environmental stress mitigation. The 177,000 square meter structure has been commended for its recognition as one of the world’s most iconic energy-efficient convention centers built to date. The building has 3,500 square meters of its roof areas with solar panels, contributing 12.5% of the building total electrical consumption.

qatar-national-convention-center

Other contributors include, LED lighting, air volume systems and carbon dioxide monitors. The building has also gained recognition for being one of Qatar’s first environmentally sustainable structures which has even been given the gold certification standards under the LEED system equivalent to 6 stars on the QSAS.

Conclusion

Structures such as the Qatar National Convention Center will be a benchmark for all future green structure in Qatar. With an increase in population along with an ailing environment, it is absolutely necessary that we begin to take an approach that is suitable to the demands of our time. It is heartening to see that Qatar has recognised the importance of green architecture and lucrative benefits associated with it.

جامعات خضراء في فلسطين

بدأت الجامعات الفلسطينية بربط النظربات العلمية التي تدرس في مساقاتها وبرامجها الاكاديمية  بالواقع العملي وحيث بدأت الجانعات الفلسطينية وبتميل من مؤسسات مجلية ودولية باستغلال اللطاقة البديلة من الشمس لتوليد الكهرباء باستخدام تقنية اللوحات الكهروضوئية لانتاج الطاقة الكهربائية والتي تساعد في  توفير استهلاك الكهرباء الذي يشغل جميع أبنية وقاعات ومراكز الجامعات بالطاقة لتوفير وذلك لتوفير الجو التعليمي المناسب لطلبتها  .

solar-car-palestine

وتأتي هذه الخطوة الريادية من قبل الجامعات الفلسطينية لتوفير استهلاك الكهرباء بحيث تكون مبان الجامعات أكثر صداقة للبيئة وتقلل ميزانية المدفوعات التي يتم دفعها ثمناً لاستهلاك الكهرباء والوقود واستغلالها بدعم برامج وأبحاث جديدة تساعد في تنمية مهارات طلبتها .

كما أن لهذه الخطوة المهمة الدور الكبير في التحرر من الاعتماد على الكهرباء التي يتم استيراد أكثر من 90% منها من شركات  الكهرباء الاسرائيلية مما له الدور الكبير في الاستغناء عن مصادر خارجية غير نظيفة للكهرباء واستخدام بدائل نظيفة وصدبقة للبيئة لتوفيرها .

ان تجربة الجامعات بدأت في معظم الجامعات الفلسطينية ولكن على مقياس صغير اقتصر في معظم الاحيان على مراكز أبحاث الطاقة الخاص بتلك الجامعات , ولكن المشروع الاضخم التي تم تنفيذها هي مشروع الطاقة الشمسية في جامعة الخليل ( تبعد 15 كيلو عن القدس ) وذلك بتمويل قدره مليون ومئتي ألف دولار من شركة فلسطين الغد للتنمية  , وهذا المشروع يتكون من مرحلتين والذي يتوقع أن تكون الطاقة الانتاجية للمرحلة الاولى  220 كيلو واط ساعة وحيث أنه سيتم استغلال المساحات المتوفرة على أسطح البنايات الخاصة بالجامعة لتركيب هذه الانظمة الحديثة وتوفير أبنية جامعية خضراء وكما يجدر العلم أن هذا النظام سيقوم بتوفير 60% من اجمالي استهلاك الجامعة من الكهرباء والذي بدوره يساعد على دعم الطلاب المحتاجين وتطوير البرامج والمشاريع التطويرية والتوسعية للجامعة .

كما أن شركة فلسطين الغد للتنمية  قامت بتمويل الجامعة العربية الامريكية  في مدينة جنين ( تبعد عن القدس  75 كيلمترا الى الشمال ) والتي يبلغ عدد طلابها الى أكثر من 8500 طالب وطالبة والتي يدرس فيها معظم التخصصات العملية والانسانية , ونظراً لاستهلاك شهري عالى من الطاقة يقدر ب 30000 دولار شهرياً ولحماية البيئة واستغلال موارد الطاقة النظيفة حصلت الجامعة على تمويل من شركة فلسطين الغد للتنمية بقيمة مليون ومئتي ألف دولار لتمويل محطة لانتاج الطاقة الشمسية في الجامعة  .

ويجدر الاشارة الى أن شركة فلسطين الغد هي شركة فلسطينية غير ربحية تقوم بتمويل مشاريع تنموية وبيئية للمؤسسات الفلسطينية ويرأسها رئيس الوزارء السابق د. سلام فياض , وحيث أنه قد تم تنفيذ المرحلة الاولى من المنحة والمقسمة الى 3 مراحل بقدرة انتاجية  75 كيلو واط ساعة وحيث أن المشروع الكلي سيقوم بتغطية احتياجات الكهرباء للجامعة  في مشاريع تطويرية في الجامعة اضافة الى منح 50% من القيمة المادية للطاقة المولدة عبر الالواح الشمسية لصندوق الطالب المحتاج و50% الأخرى لصالح صندوق البحث العلمي .

كما قامت جامعة بيرزيت (حوالي 20 كيلو متراً شمال غرب مدينة القدس ) وهي أقدم جامعة فلسطينية تأسست عام 1924 ميلادي بتوقيع اتفاقية  لتركيب نظام لتوليد الكهرباء بالطاقة الشمسية بقدرة 50 كيلو واط ساعة لمبنى سميح دروزة للصناعات الدوائية في الحرم الجامعي ،  

كما يجدر الاشارة الى أن جامعة النجاح الوطنية وهي أكبر الجامعات الفلسطينية من حيث عدد الطلاب و الحاصلة على شهادة التميز الأوروبي التي تمنحها المؤسسة الأوروبية للجودة EFQM وهي أولى الجامعات الفلسطينية التي تطبق نموذج التميز الأوروبي في الجودة، قامت مؤخراً بالمباشرة باعداد المخططات اللازمة لتنفيذ مشروع الطاقة الشمسية على مباني مستشفى الجامعة التابع لها وبقدرة 100 كيلو واط ساعة.

وغير بعيد في غزة فقد باشرت الجامعة الاسلامية بتركيب نظام شمسي لتوليد الكهرباء بقدرة 140 كيلو واط ساعة وبحيث  يغطي احتياجات مبنى المختبرات في الجامعة من الكهرباء وحيث أن الكهرباء في غزة أصبحت نادرة الوجود بسبب عدم توفر الوقود اللازم لتشغيل محولات الطاقة في قطاع غزة .

يجدر الذكر الى أن مثل هذه المشاريع والانظمة الحديثة يقوم بتصميمها وتركيبها شركات فلسطينية محترفوبأيد فلسطينية  وقام المهندس أحمد شوارب المدير التنفيذي لشركة مصادر لأنظمة الطاقة والتي تنفذ أكبر مشروع طاقة شمسية في جامعة الخليل بالتعليق على هذه المشاريع بالقول  : ” ان نعتز بدورنا المهني في توفير وتصميم وتركيب أنظمة الطاقة البديلة في فلسطين ونسعى لأن تكون فلسطين خضراء “.

أن هذه  المشاريع وغيرها من المشاريع يعطي أملاً للطلاب بربط نظرياتهم ودراستهم الاكاديمية بتجارب علمية وعملية  تطبق و يرونها أمامهم وعلى أسطح جامعاتهم  وبمصادر نظيفة ومجانية ولا تنضب .

المهندس عبد الناصر دويكات

باحث ومهتم بالطاقة المتجددة وترشيد الاستهلاك

Ruba Al-Zu’bi – Inspiring Green Innovation and Social Entrepreneurship

Ruba Al-Zu’bi is a very well-known sustainable development policy and planning expert, and a true inspiration for youngsters in Jordan and beyond. Currently she is the Adviser for Science Policy and Programme Development to HRH Princess Sumaya bint El Hassan, the President of the Royal Scientific Society (RSS). Prior to that, Ruba led the Scientific Research Department at Abdul Hameed Shoman Foundation.

In the past, she had been the CEO of EDAMA, a Jordanian business association that seeks innovative solutions to advance the energy, water and environment sectors. Ruba Al-Zu’bi is Global Resolutions’ Jordan Ambassador and a Plus Social Good Connector promoting SDGs and success stories around sustainability in the MENA region.

ruba-alzubi-jordan

She is also a founding member of the Jordan Green Building Council, and has facilitated its organizational establishment and strategic planning process. Ruba led the Clean Technology Sector Development at USAID Jordan Competitiveness Program with focus on enhancing private sector’s competitiveness, creating jobs and increasing exports in the clean energy, solid waste management and water resources management clusters.

She is associated with EcoMENA as a mentor, and has provided tremendous support to the organization in raising environmental awareness, mobilizing youth and disseminating knowledge. She was selected as Jordan’s Eisenhower Fellow for 2012 fellowship through which she investigated green economy, green buildings and sustainability policy in the US; and was named as 2012 Ward Wheelock Fellow for her outstanding contributions to her community.

Here she talks to our collaborative partner Impact Squared about her educational background, professional achievements, strategic thinking and visionary approach.

Impact Squared: Can you tell me a little bit about your background and what you do? Ruba Al-Zu’bi: I was originally trained as an environmental engineer. When I was studying to become an engineer, I found that the training was disconnected from, rather than supportive of Jordanian society and development. I wanted to make that connection. When Jordan established the Ministry of the Environment in 2004, I was involved in the development of the ministry, updating policies and building its capacity. I was really supported by a minister who believed in empowering women.

I continued my education and earned a degree in Institutional Change Management to be able to contribute to public sector reform in Jordan. Right now, I am the CEO of EDAMA, a nonprofit organization that activates the private sector to improve green technology and a green economy in Jordan.

Impact Squared: What specific challenges or issue areas are you driven to work on?
Ruba Al-Zu’bi: A big issue facing the world today is sustainability mainstreaming, which is the idea of bringing ideas and practices of sustainability to different sectors and development decisions. There are tradeoffs that we always need to make. In developing countries, it’s not always possible to put sustainability at the top of the priority list, it’s important to keep the costs of compromise and the tradeoffs in mind throughout the decision-making processes.

I also think that equal opportunity, job development and bridging education with job opportunities is another important issue. Currently, there is not a lot of green innovation because there’s a lack of understanding of market needs and not a lot of resources to support that. It’s important to support green entrepreneurs to innovate on sustainability. The vision I try to keep in front of me includes these things. Whenever I have the chance to speak, I always integrate these issues and concepts to mobilize efforts for global support and to create action on a larger scene.

Impact Squared: What motivated you to pursue your career and what drives you to continue?
Ruba Al-Zu’bi: I’ve worked in public, private, government, and international donor-based organizations. I really want to be where I can add value and make an impact. Right now, working at a nonprofit organization is challenging because there’s a lack of resources and a need for financial sustainability, but it’s also really important to be closer to the general public because that’s where there is a greater need.

At EDAMA, there’s an added advantage of working with the private sector. I’m able to link businesses with the community, which is a promising area in Jordan. The more we think about sustainable energy that can be provided to everyone, especially in light of the influx of Syrian refugees, the more we can alleviate pressure on both the economy and natural resources.

Impact Squared: How do you approach leadership? What skills or values or are important in leadership?

Ruba Al-Zu’bi: I recently took my team out for brunch. They told me that they wake up happy and feel empowered and appreciated. They feel like they have the space to create, innovate and make decisions, rather than just implementing other people’s ideas, which matters a lot in a leading a nonprofit organization.  As a leader, creating a small community for your team is important for them to create a community in their work around a cause. If you don’t succeed at creating the internal community, you can’t have an impact on the larger community.

ruba-environment-leadership

As a young leader, Ruba Al-Zu’bi inspires lots of youngsters in Jordan

I always say I wish I had a mentor in an earlier stage of my life – it wasn’t common in Jordan when I was younger. I have a couple of mentors now for myself and I serve as one for younger people. I think relationships like this are very important. It’s important for a mentor to understand how to give mentees support without influencing decisions. I like to help people find their way; I wish I had someone help me do that. Also, family support and friend support contributes to leadership. The more we’re comfortable in our personal lives, the more we can give professionally to our communities. I’m lucky to have that in my life.

I was a young leader, leading before age 30, which had advantages and disadvantages. If you’re not ready or mature enough, it can backfire on your career and how people see young leaders in general. So, it’s important to self-reflect, self-evaluate and to have the ability to see your own growth and skills. Keep learning about those things to be an effective leader. I try to explain that to the younger generation, as they rush, sometimes trying to climb the ladder too quickly. Maturity takes time.

Impact Squared: What values drive the ways you make decisions as a leader and in general?
Ruba Al-Zu’bi: In general, I try to implement my social and environmental values. I value social justice, equal opportunities, and gender equity, which is really what’s behind everything happening in the Arab world and Arab Spring. If we, as leaders, don’t care, integrate, and mainstream these values in our day-to-day life and then professionally, they can’t be implemented on the ground, cascading.

A Quick Glance at Composting Methods

The composting process is a complex interaction between the waste and the microorganisms within the waste. The microorganisms that carry out this process fall into three groups: bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. Actinomycetes are a form of fungi-like bacteria that break down organic matter. The first stage of the biological activity is the consumption of easily available sugars by bacteria, which causes a fast rise in temperature. The second stage involves bacteria and actinomycetes that cause cellulose breakdown. The last stage is concerned with the breakdown of the tougher lignin by fungi.

Composting-Methods

Types of Composting

There are 3 broad types of composting methods—anaerobic composting, aerobic composting, and vermicomposting. In anaerobic composting, the organic matter is decomposed in the absence of air. Organic matter may be collected in pits and covered with a thick layer of soil and left undisturbed six to eight months. The compost so formed may not be completely converted and may include aggregated masses.

Aerobic composting is the process by which organic wastes are converted into compost or manure in presence of air and can be of different types. The most common is the Heap Method, where organic matter needs to be divided into three different types and to be placed in a heap one over the other, covered by a thin layer of soil or dry leaves. This heap needs to be mixed every week, and it takes about three weeks for conversion to take place.

Compost

The process is same in the Pit Method, but carried out specially constructed pits. Mixing has to be done every 15 days, and there is no fixed time in which the compost may be ready. Berkley Method uses a labor-intensive technique and has precise requirements of the material to be composted. Easily biodegradable materials, such as grass, vegetable matter, etc., are mixed with animal manure in the ratio of 2:1. Compost is usually ready in 15 days.

Vermicomposting involves use of earthworms as natural and versatile bioreactors for the process of conversion. It is carried out in specially designed pits where earthworm culture also needs to be done. Vermicomposting is a precision-based option and requires overseeing of work by an expert. It is also a more expensive option (O&M costs are high).

However, unlike the above two options, it is a completely odorless process making it a preferred solution in residential areas. It also has an extremely high rate of conversion, so quality of the end product is very high with rich macro and micronutrients. The end product also has the advantage that it can be dried and stored safely for a longer period of time.

Biomass Energy Potential in the Middle East

The major biomass producing countries in the Middle East are Egypt, Yemen, Iraq, Syria and Jordan. Traditionally, biomass energy has been widely used in rural areas for domestic energy purposes in the Middle East region, especially in Egypt, Yemen and Jordan. Since most of the region is arid or semi-arid, the biomass energy potential is mainly contributed by municipal solid wastes, agricultural residues and industrial wastes. According to conservative estimates, the potential of biomass energy in the MENA region is about 400TWh per year.

date-palm-biomass

Municipal solid wastes represent the best source of biomass in Middle East countries. Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar and Kuwait rank in the top-ten worldwide in terms of per capita solid waste generation. The gross urban waste generation quantity from the Middle East and North African countries is estimated at more than 155 million tons annually.

Food waste is the third-largest component of generated waste by weight which mostly ends up rotting in landfill and releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The mushrooming of hotels, restaurants, fast-food joints and cafeterias in the region has resulted in the generation of huge quantities of food wastes.

In Middle East countries, huge quantity of sewage sludge is produced on daily basis which presents a serious problem due to its high treatment costs and risk to environment and human health. On an average, the rate of wastewater generation is 80-200 litres per person each day and sewage output is rising by as much as 25 percent every year. According to conservative estimates, sewage generation in the Dubai is at least 500,000 m3 per day.

The food processing industry in MENA produces a large number of organic residues and by-products that can be used as biomass energy sources. In recent decades, the fast-growing food and beverage processing industry has remarkably increased in importance in major countries of the region. Since the early 1990s, the increased agricultural output stimulated an increase in fruit and vegetable canning as well as juice, beverage, and oil processing in countries like Egypt, Syria, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia.

biomass_resources_middle_east

The Middle East countries have strong animal population. The livestock sector, in particular sheep, goats and camels, plays an important role in the national economy of respective countries. Many millions of live ruminants are imported each year from around the world. In addition, the region has witnessed very rapid growth in the poultry sector. The biogas potential of animal manure can be harnessed both at small- and community-scale.

The Middle East region is well-poised for biomass energy development, with its rich biomass resources in the form of municipal solid waste, crop residues and agro-industrial waste. The implementation of advanced biomass conversion technologies as a method for safe disposal of solid and liquid biomass wastes, and as an attractive option to generate heat, power and fuels, can greatly reduce environmental impacts of a wide array of biomass wastes.

Around the region, pollution of the air and water from municipal, industrial and agricultural operations continues to grow.  The technological advancements in the biomass energy industry, coupled with the tremendous regional potential, promises to usher in a new era of energy as well as environmental security for the region.

If you want to learn about the benefits of using biomass energy for sustainability, check out this article.

From E-Waste to Circular Commerce: How Sustainable Omnichannel Fulfillment Is Reshaping Electronics in the MENA Region

In 2025, e-commerce across the Middle East and North Africa generated an estimated US$88.1 billion in revenue, with electronics accounting for roughly a third of that total, according to ECDB. Every phone, laptop, tablet, and smart device sold represents not just a transaction but the beginning of a waste lifecycle. The question facing the region isn’t whether electronics consumption will keep growing. It will. The real question is whether the infrastructure to handle what happens after the sale can keep pace.

Sustainable electronics fulfillment centre in the Middle East

Sustainable electronics fulfillment centres combine renewable energy infrastructure with optimised logistics to reduce the carbon footprint of every shipment.

For years, e-waste discussions in MENA have focused on recycling centres and consumer awareness campaigns. Those matter. But an important piece has been overlooked: the logistics layer itself. The same fulfillment networks that deliver electronics to customers can also manage returns, route products for refurbishment, and feed recovered materials back into the supply chain. When designed for circularity, fulfillment stops being a cost centre and becomes an environmental lever.

Sustainable omnichannel fulfillment, combining efficient forward logistics with reverse logistics, has become a tool for reducing e-waste, recovering valuable materials, and building circular economy models that work in the MENA context. The e-waste challenge in the region, the mechanics of circular fulfillment, the green logistics practices enabling it, and the economic case for investing now all point toward the same conclusion: the logistics layer is where the circular economy will be won or lost.

How Omnichannel Fulfillment Drives Circularity in Electronics

Omnichannel fulfillment network

Omnichannel fulfillment networks close the loop between first-mile delivery and reverse logistics, keeping electronics in productive use longer.

Most discussions about circular electronics focus on product design – making devices easier to repair or recycle. That matters, but it misses an operational reality: the fulfillment network is where circularity either happens or stalls. Consumer electronics return rates in e-commerce run between 15% and 30%, the highest of any retail category, according to the Seel Returns & Refunds Report 2025. When a customer returns a device, that product enters a logistics system. What happens next depends entirely on how that system is designed.

In a traditional linear model, returns go to a warehouse, get inspected, and either get restocked or end up in a landfill. In a circular omnichannel model, the same fulfillment infrastructure handles grading, testing, refurbishment routing, and channel optimisation. A returned smartphone might be tested, wiped of data, graded for condition, and routed to a refurbishment partner or a secondary market within days. This is where specialised providers come in. Companies offering omnichannel fulfillment services for electronics integrate these reverse logistics capabilities directly into their networks, turning what was a disposal cost into a recovery channel.

The data support the move. Global circular economy transactions are projected to reach $713 billion by 2026, up 110% from $339 billion in 2022, according to a joint Siemens and Accenture analysis. The electronics sector accounts for a large portion of that growth, driven by consumer demand for refurbished devices and regulatory pressure to manage e-waste. But capturing that value requires fulfillment networks that can handle forward and reverse flows at scale.

The E-Waste Crisis in the MENA Region

ewaste generation in Gulf countries

The GCC e-waste management market is projected to reach USD 6.91 billion by 2035, yet recycling infrastructure still lags behind consumption growth across most of the region.

The MENA region’s electronics consumption is rising faster than its ability to manage what gets discarded. The GCC e-waste management market was valued at roughly USD 1.57 billion in 2025 and is projected to reach USD 6.91 billion by 2035, growing at a 16% CAGR, according to Market Research Future (May 2026). Oman alone generates between 20,000 and 69,000 tonnes of e-waste annually, with over 90% going to landfills, per Zawya reporting from May 2026.

Globally, the picture is just as serious. The ITU/UNITAR Global E-waste Monitor 2024 reported that 62 million tonnes of e-waste were generated in 2022, yet only 22.3% was formally collected and recycled. An estimated $91 billion in valuable metals, including gold, silver, copper, and rare earth elements, are embedded in that waste stream, with only $28 billion recovered. The rest is lost to landfill or informal processing.

The region has made some progress. The UAE introduced its Circular Economy Policy 2021-2031, and several Emirates have launched extended producer responsibility pilot programmes. But collection rates remain low, and as we’ve covered in our guide to effective e-waste management approaches, the gap between policy intent and operational infrastructure persists across the region.

Green Logistics in Practice

Moving electronics sustainably isn’t just about recycling at end of life. It’s about how every device moves through the supply chain from the moment it ships. Green logistics practices are transforming electronics fulfillment at three points: the warehouses that store products, the vehicles that deliver them, and the software that routes them.

On the energy side, fulfillment centres increasingly run on renewable power. Electric delivery fleets are replacing diesel vans in last-mile operations. On the software side, AI-driven route optimisation reduces fuel consumption and enables more efficient consolidation of forward and return shipments. Sustainable packaging that is recyclable, compostable, and right-sized cuts material waste across the network.

But the most significant change is happening in how logistics systems handle product circularity. As Siemens Digital Logistics outlines in their analysis of circular thinking in semiconductors, digital twin technology and simulation tools now allow logistics operators to optimise for both cost and carbon simultaneously. Rather than treating reverse logistics as an afterthought, these systems build returns processing and refurbishment routing into the core operational model from day one.

The green logistics market is projected at $1.81 trillion in 2026, growing to $3.19 trillion by 2032 at a 9.87% CAGR, according to 360iResearch. The eco-friendly electronics market alone sits at $55.26 billion in 2026 and is expected to reach $125.45 billion by 2032. These numbers reflect a market that’s already moving, not one waiting for a catalyst.

The Business Case for Sustainable Electronics Fulfillment in MENA

ewaste recovery potential

The gap between embedded value and recovered value in electronics represents a significant opportunity for businesses that invest in circular fulfillment infrastructure.

The environmental argument for circular fulfillment is clear. But the numbers behind it make an equally strong business case. A 2026 PwC Global Consumer Insights Survey found that 73% of Gen Z and Millennial consumers are willing to pay more for electronics that come with certified refurbishment guarantees. That’s not a niche preference. It’s a mainstream change in buying behaviour that directly rewards investment in reverse logistics infrastructure.

Globally, circular economy transactions are projected to reach $713 billion by 2026, up 110% from $339 billion in 2022. The tech sector alone represents an estimated $800 billion circular opportunity by 2030, according to the World Economic Forum’s December 2025 report on the role of the technology sector in nature-positive outcomes. For electronics companies and fulfillment providers in MENA, the window to capture this value is open now.

The opportunity is particularly acute in the GCC, where the online electronics retail market is expected to exceed $40 billion. Around 40% of shoppers in the region buy electronics cross-border, creating complex reverse logistics needs that domestic and regional fulfillment networks are only beginning to address. Companies that build circular fulfillment capabilities today will hold a structural advantage as regulations tighten and consumer expectations evolve.

These practices are complemented by sustainable manufacturing practices that reduce waste at the production stage. Green manufacturing and green fulfillment together create a closed-loop system that minimises environmental impact across the entire electronics lifecycle.

Regulatory Tailwinds

Policy momentum across the MENA region is creating a favourable environment for circular fulfillment. The UAE’s Circular Economy Policy 2021-2031 sets national targets for waste reduction and material recovery. Abu Dhabi and Dubai have both launched extended producer responsibility pilot programmes in 2025, shifting the financial responsibility for end-of-life product management from municipalities to producers. Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 includes sustainability targets driving investment in waste management infrastructure.

Meanwhile, regulatory pressure from outside the region is affecting how electronics are shipped and sold. The EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism is creating compliance requirements for electronics exports to Europe. Extended WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) directives are requiring greater supply chain traceability. For MENA-based electronics companies and fulfillment providers that serve European customers, circular logistics capabilities are becoming a compliance necessity, not a sustainability choice.

The Ellen MacArthur Foundation’s work on electronics and the circular economy offers a framework for how fulfillment companies can support circular design principles operationally. The foundation’s “Design for Collection” initiatives show that when reverse logistics is built into product design from the start, recovery rates improve dramatically. Electronics companies that design for disassembly and reuse can capture significantly more value at end of life than those relying on traditional recycling models.

Despite the policy momentum, a gap remains. Professional collection, sorting, and transportation of end-of-life electronics in the MENA region are still underdeveloped. Most e-waste flows through informal channels, where material recovery is inefficient and environmental safeguards are minimal. This is where third-party fulfillment providers with integrated reverse logistics capabilities add the most value, bridging the gap between policy ambition and operational reality.

A Circular Future for MENA’s Electronics Sector

The electronics boom in the MENA region doesn’t have to mean an e-waste crisis. The same fulfillment infrastructure that delivers devices to customers can, when designed properly, recover them at end of use, route them for refurbishment, and feed materials back into the production cycle. Sustainable omnichannel fulfillment bridges the gap between consumption and circularity.

The companies investing in circular fulfillment models today will be the ones leading the MENA electronics market tomorrow. For policymakers, the message is equally clear: regulation matters, but without operational infrastructure, policy targets remain abstract. The logistics layer is where the circular economy happens or fails to happen.

For electronics companies, fulfillment providers, and regulators across the region, the path forward requires moving beyond the traditional mindset that treats fulfillment as a cost to minimise. When fulfillment is redesigned as a circular gateway, managing products from first delivery through to recovery and reuse, it becomes one of the most effective tools available for reducing waste, recovering value, and building a genuinely sustainable electronics economy in the Middle East and North Africa.

Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFA): An Emerging Threat to Water Resources and Drinking Water Safety

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) has emerged as one of the most widespread and persistent fluorinated contaminants detected in the environment. As an ultra-short-chain member of the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) family, TFA exhibits exceptional water solubility, high mobility, and extreme environmental persistence. Unlike legacy PFAS such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), TFA is primarily generated through the degradation of fluorinated refrigerants, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals. Recent monitoring studies have revealed its increasing occurrence in rainwater, groundwater, surface waters, drinking water, food products, and even human serum.

This review aims to summarize current knowledge regarding TFA sources, environmental occurrence, toxicological concerns, regulatory challenges, and treatment technologies. Results indicate that TFA is among the most prevalent fluorinated contaminants in aquatic environments and may represent a global contamination issue due to its irreversible accumulation. Although toxicological evidence remains limited, recent studies suggest potential developmental, reproductive, and ecological effects. Conventional water treatment processes show poor TFA removal efficiency, whereas reverse osmosis remains the most effective available technology. The absence of harmonized international regulations highlights the urgent need for enhanced monitoring programs, further toxicological investigations, and precautionary management strategies.

water contaminated by PFAS

Introduction to PFAS and TFA

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) constitute a large family of synthetic fluorinated chemicals widely used in industrial and consumer applications because of their exceptional thermal stability and resistance to chemical degradation [1]. During the last two decades, PFAS have become a major environmental concern due to their persistence, mobility, bioaccumulation potential, and adverse health effects [2].

While regulatory efforts have primarily focused on long-chain PFAS such as PFOA and PFOS, increasing attention is now being directed toward ultra-short-chain PFAS and transformation products, particularly trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) [3]. TFA (CF₃COOH) is the simplest perfluorinated carboxylic acid and exhibits unique physicochemical properties, including high water solubility, negligible biodegradation, and extreme environmental persistence [4].

Unlike many legacy PFAS, TFA is rarely emitted directly into the environment. Instead, it is mainly formed through atmospheric and environmental degradation of fluorinated precursor compounds, including hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), fluorinated pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals [5]. Consequently, environmental TFA concentrations are expected to increase despite the progressive phase-out of certain legacy PFAS.

Recent investigations have demonstrated the widespread occurrence of TFA in rainwater, groundwater, rivers, lakes, drinking water, food products, and human biological samples [6]. A recent assessment described TFA as a contaminant of planetary concern due to its continuous accumulation and global distribution [7].

The objectives of this review are to

  1. Examine the main sources and formation pathways of TFA,
  2. Evaluate its occurrence in water resources,
  3. Discuss toxicological and ecological concerns,
  4. Analyze current regulatory challenges, and
  5. Review available treatment technologies for water resource protection.

Materials and Methods

A structured literature review was conducted using Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases. Publications issued between 2015 and 2025 were considered, with particular emphasis on studies published after 2020.

The search strategy included combinations of the following keywords: “trifluoroacetic acid”, “TFA”, “ultra-short-chain PFAS”, “drinking water contamination”, “environmental occurrence”, “water treatment”, “toxicity”, and “environmental persistence”.

Peer-reviewed journal articles, international reports, and regulatory documents issued by organizations such as OECD, ECHA, EFSA, and US EPA were included. Studies focusing on environmental occurrence, analytical methods, toxicology, regulatory aspects, and treatment technologies were prioritized.

Results and Discussion

Sources and Formation Pathways of TFA

The primary environmental source of TFA is the degradation of fluorinated precursor compounds. Atmospheric oxidation of HFCs and HFOs generates TFA through complex photochemical pathways involving hydroxyl radicals [5]. While these refrigerants were introduced as climate-friendly alternatives to ozone-depleting substances, their degradation contributes significantly to global TFA production.

Agricultural activities represent another important source. Several fluorinated pesticides, including fluopyram and flufenacet, produce TFA during environmental degradation [8]. Industrial activities and pharmaceutical manufacturing may also contribute to localized contamination hotspots.

Environmental Occurrence in Water Resources

TFA has been detected in multiple environmental compartments worldwide. Atmospheric deposition plays a major role in its distribution, with measurable concentrations reported in rainwater, snow, and fog samples [9].

Surface waters frequently contain TFA due to atmospheric deposition and watershed runoff. Recent European monitoring campaigns have identified TFA as one of the most abundant fluorinated contaminants in rivers and lakes [10].

Groundwater contamination is of particular concern because TFA exhibits high mobility and low sorption capacity. Its migration through soil profiles facilitates long-term contamination of aquifers used for drinking water production [11].

TFA has also been detected in municipal drinking water systems, bottled water, and groundwater-fed supplies. Conventional treatment technologies often fail to remove the compound effectively, resulting in its persistence throughout drinking water distribution networks [12].

Toxicological and Ecotoxicological Concerns

Historically, TFA was considered less hazardous than long-chain PFAS because of its low bioaccumulation potential [13]. However, recent studies have raised concerns regarding chronic exposure and continuous environmental accumulation.

Experimental investigations suggest potential developmental, reproductive, and hepatic effects at elevated concentrations [14]. Ecotoxicological studies have reported adverse impacts on algae, aquatic plants, and microbial communities [15].

A major concern lies in the lack of long-term epidemiological data. The increasing presence of TFA in drinking water, food products, and human serum warrants further toxicological investigation and precautionary management approaches [7].

Regulatory Challenges and Water Management Implications

Despite increasing scientific concern, TFA remains largely unregulated worldwide. Existing regulations focus primarily on PFOS, PFOA, and a limited number of PFAS compounds [16].

The European Union Drinking Water Directive establishes limits for PFAS groups but does not currently define a specific parametric value for TFA [17]. Similarly, recent US EPA regulations do not specifically address TFA [18].

The combination of extreme persistence, increasing environmental concentrations, and toxicological uncertainty has led several researchers to advocate persistence-based regulation as a precautionary approach [19].

A scientist sampling PFAS contaminated water

Water Treatment Technologies

Conventional water treatment processes such as coagulation, sedimentation, biological treatment, and activated carbon adsorption are generally ineffective for TFA removal [20].

Ion-exchange resins may achieve partial removal under specific conditions; however, performance remains variable [21]. Reverse osmosis currently represents the most effective available technology, with reported removal efficiencies often exceeding 90% [22].

Emerging technologies including electrochemical oxidation, plasma treatment, and advanced oxidation processes show promise but require further optimization before large-scale implementation [23].

Conclusions

Trifluoroacetic acid has emerged as one of the most widespread and persistent fluorinated contaminants affecting water resources worldwide. Its exceptional mobility, resistance to degradation, and continuous formation from fluorinated precursor compounds distinguish it from many other PFAS.

Although toxicological evidence remains incomplete, increasing detection frequencies in water resources, food products, and human biological samples justify precautionary management measures. Conventional water treatment technologies exhibit limited effectiveness, whereas reverse osmosis remains the most reliable removal option currently available.

Future research should focus on toxicological characterization, standardized analytical methods, environmental monitoring, and the development of cost-effective treatment technologies. Given projected increases in TFA emissions from refrigerants and pesticides, proactive regulatory frameworks and comprehensive surveillance programs will be essential to safeguard water resources and public health.

References

[1] Glüge, J., Scheringer, M., Cousins, I.T., DeWitt, J.C., Goldenman, G., Herzke, D., Lohmann, R., Ng, C.A., Trier, X., Wang, Z. (2020). An overview of the uses of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 22(12), 2345–2373.

[2] Cousins, I.T., DeWitt, J.C., Glüge, J., Goldenman, G., Herzke, D., Lohmann, R., Ng, C.A., Scheringer, M., Wang, Z. (2020). Strategies for grouping per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to protect human and environmental health. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 22(7), 1444–1460.

[3] Wang, Z., DeWitt, J.C., Higgins, C.P., Cousins, I.T. (2017). A never-ending story of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)? Environmental Science & Technology, 51(5), 2508–2518.

[4] Di Mauro, G., Fatta-Kassinos, D., Michael-Kordatou, I. (2025). Trifluoroacetic Acid: A Narrative Review on Physico-Chemical Properties, Exposure Pathways and Toxicological Concerns. Environments, 12(8), 277.

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Energy Outlook for the Middle East

There are several problems confronting the world with respect to its fossil fuels-based energy supply. The first problem relates to the ever-increasing use of fast-depleting conventional sources of energy, like petroleum, coal and natural gas. The contribution of fossil fuels in global energy supplies is above 80 percent. Energy demand will certainly increase manifolds during this century due to industrial and developmental activities as burgeoning world population.

energy-outlook-middle-east

Global Trends in Energy Sector

The concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere is rising rapidly with use of fossil fuels leading to increasing emission of carbon dioxide which is having a detrimental effect on the climate. Another important issue is the security and stability of energy supply. Most of the fossil fuel reserves are concentrated in politically unstable regions, and increasing the diversity in energy sources is important for many nations to secure a reliable and constant supply of energy.

Energy trends in emerging economies are of global environmental concern as these countries are important contributors to greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel use and industrial activities. Deforestation and the emission of other greenhouse gases, such as methane and NOx, further raise the share of developing countries in total global GHGs emissions.

Although per capita levels of greenhouse emissions from energy use are much lower in developing industrial countries, rapid population and economic growth will increase their share of total emissions. The magnitude of these problems underlines the need for improving the efficiency of energy systems and fast-paced development of the renewable energy sector in such countries.

Energy Outlook for the Middle East

Energy use in the Middle East has increased manifolds over the past few decades and will continue its rapid ascent rapidly in the future. The increase in the services that energy provides is necessary and desirable, since energy services are essential for economic growth, improved living standards, and community development applications.

The fast economic growth in the Middle East puts onus on regional powers to devise new energy solutions and establish new and innovative sustainable energy trends. The energy demand in this region will grow rapidly which will have a profound impact on the global energy market. In addition, the region has many locations with high population density, which makes public health vulnerable to the pollution caused by fossil fuels.

Due to the rising share of GHG emissions from the Middle East, it is imperative on all regional countries to promote sustainable energy to significantly reduce GHGs emissions and foster dynamic economic growth. Rising proportion of greenhouse gas emissions from the region’s energy consumption is causing air quality issues and ecological degradation which may further deteriorate environmental sustainability in the region and globally. The adverse impacts of economic and ecological vulnerability would have profound implications for social inclusiveness, as the burden is being unevenly distributed among the countries in the region.

Energy scenarios for the 21st century are shifting away from fossil fuels and towards renewable and sustainable sources of energy. The potential role of renewable energy technologies in transforming Middle East energy sector and addressing climate change concerns is enormous. Renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, hydropower, and geothermal can provide renewable energy, based on a host of readily available, indigenous resources that result in very low emissions of greenhouse gases.