How Can The Effects Of Climate Change Be Mitigated?

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Climate change will affect us all and it’s important to consider how climate change will have wide reaching consequences for generations to come.

This article investigates how the effects of climate change will affect all of us and what measures we can take to mitigate the effects of climate change.

climate change mitigation methods

What is climate change mitigation?

Climate change mitigation refers to actions taken to limit climate change by either reducing greenhouse gas emissions or removing those gases from the atmosphere.

Mitigation actions can include using new technologies and renewable energies, making existing equipment more energy efficient, and ensuring carbon sinks continue to absorb carbon and remain intact.

What are some strategies to mitigate climate change?

Climate change mitigation strategies include retrofitting buildings to make them more energy efficient; adopting renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and small hydro; helping cities develop more sustainable transport such as bus rapid transit, electric vehicles, and biofuels; and promoting more sustainable uses of land and forests.

Celestial Green Ventures looks at the benefits and drawbacks for some of the solutions for climate change mitigation and adaptation.

1. Retrofitting

Retrofitting can help to improve the energy efficiency of homes, reduce fuel bills and create comfortable even temperatures all year round as well as helping to eliminate draughts.

There are plenty of challenges when it comes to retrofitting. Whether it’s the social and income divide, or a lack of funds, policy, trust, and experts to carry out the work, it’s still an uphill struggle to bring retrofitting to the fore, regardless of any climate change commitments.

2. Renewable Energy

The main benefit of renewable energy is that renewable energy sources will not run out. Examples of renewable energy sources are solar power, wind power, bioenergy and hydroelectricity. The most important difference between renewables and fossil fuels, is that renewable energy sources provide an infinite source of energy.

renewable-energy-arabic

Why invest in renewable energy?

Renewable energy is reliable, as opposed to fossil fuels which are always subject to disputes and wars between countries.  Renewable energy is also environmentally friendly as they use natural sources for energy generation and can therefore be considered clean.

Although renewable energy technologies can cause some emissions, overall, they are minimal and certainly lower than generating traditional fossil fuels.

There are also the economic benefits too as renewable technologies can create many jobs. This is especially important in some poorer regions. In fact, this is an emerging job market that can empower people in many parts of the world.

Renewable energy can help reduce turmoil in global energy prices, therefore helping to make the global energy market more stable.

What are some of the challenges related to renewable energy?

Unfortunately, most natural forces are strongly dependent on the weather conditions. Therefore, it is advisable to utilise a mix of sustainable power sources, to maximise the production of power across multiple inputs.

Another challenge regarding renewables is the initial cost and investment required for implementing them is high. The initial cost for renewable energy solutions is disproportionately high and sometimes unaffordable, in comparison with how much energy would be produced.

3. Sustainable Travel

Transportation is one of the largest contributors to climate change. By choosing sustainable travel methods, you can significantly help in the mitigation of climate change. There are many benefits to sustainable transportation. Whether it be the benefits to your health, the Earth, the community or even financial benefits, sustainable travel can be better for them all.

Electric Vehicles Pros and Cons

Why is sustainable travel good for the planet?

Sustainable travel emits less pollution. Transportation accounts for nearly 24% of greenhouse gas emissions in the United Kingdom. However, about 82% of those emissions come from personal vehicles. Buses and trains only account for a mere 6% of greenhouse gas emissions, making these modes of transportation much greener than cars and vans. Additionally, sustainable travel also promotes good health because it reduces emissions and air pollution.

A further benefit is that as people choose sustainable transportation over driving themselves, leading to a decrease in congestion and lower emissions. Celestial Green Ventures PLC recognises that the main disadvantage of implementing a sustainable travel infrastructure to any city or town is the initial cost and disruption.

4. Biofuels

Fuels that have been extracted from plants and crops are known as biofuels. Of these, the most commonly extracted and used one is Bioethanol or simply Ethanol and Biodiesel. It is blended with gasoline and can be used as an alternative fuel for your car. Plant-based fuels come from renewable sources, can be grown anywhere and have lower carbon emissions as compared to fossil fuels.

Biofuel is made from renewable resources and relatively less-flammable compared to fossil diesel. It has significantly better lubricating properties.

Etihad_Biofuels

Etihad Airways flight from Seattle to Abu Dhabi in January 2012 was the first in the Middle East to be powered by sustainable biofuel.

Some things that biofuels are made out of include:

  •  Manure
  •  Waste from crops
  •  Other farming by-products
  •  Algae and plants grown specifically for biofuel.

Why are biofuels important in terms of economic security?

Economic security is also an interesting opportunity brought to light due to the increased demand for biofuels. Not every country has large reserves of crude oil.

For these countries that don’t have the natural crude oil resources, importing the oil puts a huge strain on the economy. If more people start shifting towards biofuels, a country can reduce its dependence on fossil fuels.

Some of the disadvantages of using biofuels are that even with all the benefits associated with biofuels, they are quite expensive to produce in the current market. Biofuels also promote the use of fertilisers and consume vast amounts of water to produce the crops.

Growing these crops can also lead to other problems such as monocultures and potential food shortages. With the attractive yield for growing biofuel friendly crops this may sway farmers away from growing other crops we use for day to day food consumption.

What are some land-use strategies for mitigating climate change?

Nature-based solutions are recognised as being able to contribute significantly to the mitigation of climate change. Land use strategies include sustainable forestry practices, reforestation and avoided deforestation actions. These actions also help to conserve biodiversity within these areas which is a further positive consequence from implementing these mitigation actions.

What are some policies that will implement change?

The Paris Agreement is an example of policy change to help mitigate climate change and to avoid dangerous climate change. The agreement sets out the global framework for limiting global warming to well below 2° C and to limit the increase to 1.5° C. 195 countries signed the Paris Agreement in 2015 agreeing to these targets. The expectation was that keeping to the Paris Agreement, the risks and impact of climate change would be significantly reduced.

Conclusion

Global warming is increasing day by day and it cannot be ignored. If we continue the current trajectory, our world will face undesirable consequences. It is now as important as ever to focus on the climate change mitigation and adaptation, both individually and collectively.

Everything You Need to Know About a Biorefinery

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A biorefinery is a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and value-added chemicals from biomass. Biorefinery is analogous to today’s petroleum refinery, which produces multiple fuels and products from petroleum. By producing several products, a biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their intermediates, therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass feedstock.

what is a biorefinery

A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel or bioethanol. At the same time, it can generate electricity and process heat, through CHP technology, for its own use and perhaps enough for sale of electricity to the local utility.

The high value products increase profitability, the high-volume fuel helps meet energy needs, and the power production helps to lower energy costs and reduce GHG emissions from traditional power plant facilities.

Working of a Biorefinery

There are several platforms which can be used in a biorefinery with the major ones being the sugar platform and the thermochemical platform (also known as syngas platform).

Sugar platform biorefineries breaks down biomass into different types of component sugars for fermentation or other biological processing into various fuels and chemicals. On the other hand, thermochemical biorefineries transform biomass into synthesis gas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) or pyrolysis oil.

biorefinery basics

Etihad Airways flight from Seattle to Abu Dhabi in January 2012 was the first in the Middle East to be powered by sustainable biofuel.

The thermochemical biomass conversion process is complex, and uses components, configurations, and operating conditions that are more typical of petroleum refining. Biomass is converted into syngas, and syngas is converted into an ethanol-rich mixture.

However, syngas created from biomass contains contaminants such as tar and sulphur that interfere with the conversion of the syngas into products. These contaminants can be removed by tar-reforming catalysts and catalytic reforming processes. This not only cleans the syngas, it also creates more of it, improving process economics and ultimately cutting the cost of the resulting ethanol.

Biorefineries would help utilize the optimum potential of wastes and help solve the problems of waste management and greenhouse gas emissions. Each of these three components could be converted, through enzymatic/chemical treatments into either hydrogen or liquid fuels. The pre-treatment processes involved with these, generate products like paper-pulp, HFCS, solvents, acetate, resins, laminates, adhesives, flavour chemicals, activated carbon, fuel enhancers, undigested sugars etc. which generally remain untapped in the traditional processes.

biorefinery in MENA

Biorefinery Prospects in MENA

The MENA region has significant biomass energy potential in the form of municipal wastes, crop residues, industrial wastes etc. Around the region, pollution of air, water and soil from different waste streams continues to grow. The major biomass producing countries in MENA are Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iraq, Syria and Jordan. Traditionally, biomass energy has been widely used in rural areas for domestic purposes in the MENA region, especially in Egypt, Yemen and Jordan.

The escalating prices of oil and natural gas, the resulting concern over energy-security, have led the MENA nations to explore alternative sources of energy.  Biorefinery offers a plausible solution for augmenting energy supply, obtaining clean energy and production of a wide range of chemicals from a host of waste material, apart from associated waste management benefits.

Optimizing UX for High-Load Retail and E-commerce Platforms

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ux optimization for ecommerce platforms

When a Black Friday promo melts down a major retailer’s site, users do not see “increased RPS” or “degraded upstream latency” — they see a dead React app, an unresponsive checkout button, and a spinning loader that never resolves. Target’s infamous Black Friday outages, Macy’s holiday crashes, even Amazon’s Prime Day hiccups have all shown the same thing: it takes only a few broken flows under load to make users abandon their carts and switch to a competitor in a new tab.

What Actually Breaks Under Load

Under the hood, today’s retail platforms are single-page or hybrid applications built with React, Vue.js, Next.js, Nuxt, or similar stacks, talking to APIs on Laravel, .NET, Node, or headless commerce backends like Shopify and commercetools. On a normal day, this setup feels fine. Under a flash sale, every unoptimized list rendering, every blocking third-party script, every naive global state update, every chat widget and tracking pixel starts to compete for main-thread time and network bandwidth.

This piece looks at UX optimization from a developer’s side of the screen: how to design frontend architecture that does not fall apart when traffic goes 10x. It dives into concrete patterns — granular state management in React and Vue, skeletons instead of spinners, optimistic UI for cart updates, rate-limited search, lazy loading of heavy components, guarding against slow or flaky APIs — and shows how these choices directly shape what users experience during real stress events like Black Friday, Cyber Monday, or a viral TikTok campaign pointing at your product page.

Frontend Architecture Under Extreme Load

Traditional monolithic structures have proven inadequate for modern retail realities. Amazon and Walmart switched to microfrontends years ago, where each interface block lives independently. When the recommendation server crashed during a PlayStation 5 launch, the rest of the store kept running.

Microfrontend architecture splits applications into autonomous modules. The shopping cart can be a standalone React app, the catalog runs on Vue.js, and checkout uses Angular. Webpack 5’s Module Federation made this approach mainstream. Zalando implemented it and cut deployment time for new features by 60%.

Progressive Web Apps changed the rules for mobile retail. DXC has implemented PWA solutions across multiple retail projects, with a detailed overview of these integrations available on their website: https://dxc.com/industries/consumer-goods-retail

Alibaba saw a 76% conversion increase among iOS users after implementing PWA. Service Workers cache critical resources, and Background Sync handles offline actions. When users add items to their cart without internet, the request sends automatically once connection returns.

Key PWA components for e-commerce

  • App Shell — core interface structure loads instantly from cache
  • Lazy Loading images through Intersection Observer API
  • Offline-First strategy for catalog and cart
  • Push notifications for order status without native apps
  • IndexedDB for storing large volumes of data locally

Server-Side Rendering vs Static Site Generation

Next.js and Nuxt.js introduced a hybrid rendering approach. Static category pages generate during build, while product cards render on the server with each request. Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR) lets you update static content without full site rebuilds.

Shopify uses this technology to handle millions of stores simultaneously. Product pages that rarely change regenerate once per hour. During sales, the system automatically switches to SSR for real-time inventory data.

Edge Computing moves logic closer to users. Cloudflare Workers and Vercel Edge Functions execute code in data centers worldwide. A user in London gets a response from a nearby server in 20 ms instead of 150 ms from Frankfurt. IKEA cut TTFB (Time To First Byte) by 40% after migrating to edge solutions.

Optimizing React Application Performance

Large catalogs are performance killers. A list of 10,000 products destroys browsers without proper virtualization. React-window and react-virtualized render only visible elements. Target uses react-window for category pages displaying over 5,000 SKUs.

Code Splitting breaks bundles into chunks. React.lazy() loads components on demand. The review modal loads only when users click the button. Dynamic imports with webpack comments enable prefetching of critical modules.

React component optimization strategies

  • React.memo to prevent unnecessary re-renders in product lists
  • useMemo and useCallback for heavy filter calculations
  • Suspense boundaries for graceful degradation during errors
  • Concurrent Features (useTransition) for smooth page transitions
  • Profiler API for identifying production bottlenecks

State Management in High-Load Systems

Redux remains the standard for complex e-commerce apps, but Redux Toolkit reduced boilerplate code by 70%. RTK Query eliminated the need to write separate thunks for every API call. Wayfair manages state for 15 million products through normalized Redux structure.

Zustand and Jotai offer lightweight alternatives without ceremony. Zustand’s store weighs 1 KB versus Redux’s 11 KB. For smaller shops, it’s optimal. Recoil from Facebook enables atomic state updates without rerendering entire component trees.

GraphQL with Apollo Client revolutionized data handling. Instead of five REST calls for a product page — one GraphQL query. Apollo’s normalized cache automatically updates all components when data changes. Shopify exposes a GraphQL API for store customization, accelerating development by 50%.

Real-World Implementation Experience

Elasticsearch clusters process billions of queries daily. Autocomplete with Algolia returns results in 1 ms thanks to geo-distributed servers. Faceted search lets users combine dozens of filters without delays. Amazon uses similar architecture for Search-as-you-type with ML-powered suggestions.

Debouncing and throttling prevent server overload. Users type “iPhone 15” — the request fires only after a 300 ms pause. lodash.debounce and rxjs operators simplify implementation. For real-time filtering, Web Workers execute calculations in background threads without blocking UI.

Technical solutions for fast search

  • Redis for caching popular queries
  • Typeahead with prefetching based on behavioral analytics
  • Fuzzy search for typo tolerance
  • Elasticsearch Query DSL for complex filtration
  • Cached facets with TTL for dynamic categories

Personalization Without Performance Compromises

Machine learning models run on edge servers. Segment CDP collects user behavior data. Models determine relevant products in 5 ms and render personalized pages. Netflix uses this approach for recommendations, where each user sees a unique interface.

A/B testing happens without delays through edge routing. Optimizely and Google Optimize execute experiment variations at the CDN level. Conversion rates optimize in real-time — winning versions automatically receive more traffic.

Software development services for consumer goods include sophisticated personalization systems that balance speed and content relevance. Dynamic content delivery depends on user segmentation, purchase history, and current session. Lazy hydration from Qwik or Astro loads JavaScript only for interactive blocks.

image optimization

Image Optimization — Critical Speed Factor

Images account for 50-70% of e-commerce page weight. WebP and AVIF provide 30% better compression than JPEG. Cloudinary and Imgix automatically convert formats based on browser. Picture elements with srcset deliver different versions for different screens.

Image optimization strategies

  • Responsive images through srcset and sizes attributes
  • Native lazy loading via loading=”lazy”
  • Blur-up technique with low-quality placeholders
  • CDN with automatic optimization (Cloudflare Images, Fastly IO)
  • Art direction for different breakpoints

BlurHash generates compact placeholders (20-30 bytes) for smooth loading. Pinterest uses this technique for billions of images. LQIP (Low Quality Image Placeholder) renders instantly while the full version loads.

Animation Performance in Product Galleries

60 FPS is the minimum standard for smooth animations. CSS transforms and opacity don’t trigger layout reflow. RequestAnimationFrame synchronizes animation with screen refresh rate. GSAP and Framer Motion are optimized for complex transitions without FPS drops.

Infinite scroll requires special attention to memory leaks. Unmounting components outside viewport prevents DOM element accumulation. React-virtualized with windowing renders only visible product cards. eBay handles lists with 100,000+ products without delays using this technique.

Web Animations API provides native animation control. Parallelization through the compositor thread lets animations run independently from the main thread. Scroll-driven animations without JavaScript improve mobile UX.

Monitoring and Real User Metrics

Synthetic monitoring doesn’t show the full picture. Real User Monitoring (RUM) collects metrics from actual users. Core Web Vitals became a Google ranking factor — LCP, FID, CLS affect search positions.

Key e-commerce metrics

  • Largest Contentful Paint (LCP) < 2.5s for main content
  • First Input Delay (FID) < 100ms for interactivity
  • Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS) < 0.1 for stability
  • Time to Interactive (TTI) < 3.8s on mobile
  • Speed Index for measuring loading progress

Sentry and New Relic track production errors. Source maps enable debugging minified code. Performance budgets in Webpack warn about bundle size overruns. Lighthouse CI in GitHub Actions blocks deployment if scores drop below 90.

WebAssembly for CPU-Intensive Operations

Processing large CSV files in browsers through WebAssembly runs 10 times faster than pure JavaScript. Figma uses WASM for complex vector operations. Rust code compiles into .wasm modules via wasm-pack.

3D product models render through Three.js with WebGL. IKEA Place lets customers view furniture in augmented reality. GLB/GLTF formats are optimized for web. Draco compression shrinks 3D models by 90%.

Security Without Hurting UX

Content Security Policy blocks XSS attacks without noticeable delays. Subresource Integrity verifies CDN resource integrity. API rate limiting protects against DDoS without affecting legitimate users.

HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 (QUIC) accelerate loading through multiplexing. Brotli compression provides 20% better compression than gzip. Security headers (HSTS, X-Frame-Options) configure at CDN level without overhead.

The Future of E-commerce UX

Islands Architecture from Astro loads JavaScript only for interactive components. The rest remains static HTML. Partial Hydration cuts bundle size by 80% for content-oriented pages.

Qwik revolutionizes the hydration approach. Resumability instead of hydration — apps continue on the client without re-executing code. O(1) loading regardless of app size. Builder.io uses Qwik for its no-code e-commerce platform.

Web Components standardize portable components across frameworks. Lit and Stencil create lightweight custom elements. Integration with any library without vendor lock-in.

Conclusions

Optimizing UX for high-load retail platforms demands a systematic approach at every level — from architecture to implementation details. Combining modern frontend frameworks, edge computing, intelligent caching, and continuous monitoring creates the foundation for scalable solutions. Companies that invest in performance and quality user experience gain competitive advantages through higher conversions and customer loyalty. Technologies evolve, but principles remain constant — speed, reliability, and convenience determine success in modern e-commerce.

Beyond Reverse Osmosis: How Hybrid MED+RO Systems and Green Energy are Securing Algeria’s Water Future

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Abstract

Algeria’s pure reverse osmosis (RO) desalination systems face serious vulnerabilities: increasing turbidity events and frequent membrane replacements threaten operational stability, resulting in 1,680 hours of downtime annually across active plants. As the Mediterranean warms 20% faster than the global average, water security requires urgent innovation.

This article proposes a hybrid MED+RO technology (1/3 thermal + 2/3 membrane) to ensure operational resilience. If RO shuts down, MED continues independently at 33% capacity, guaranteeing minimum supply. Although hybrid systems require a 28% higher capital investment, break-even is reached in year 16 due to reduced membrane replacement costs.

Optimized pre-treatment with ultrafiltration (N+1 redundancy) and AI-enabled predictive maintenance lowers costs by 15-30%. Incorporating green hydrogen-powered turbines (GTH₂) reduces carbon emissions by 85-95%. Algeria’s abundant solar resources (2,000-2,500 kWh/m²/year) support cost-effective hydrogen electrolysis. This integrated strategy shifts water security from vulnerability to resilience.

The MENA Water Crisis and the Path to Resilience

The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is at a critical point in its water security journey. With an installed desalination capacity of 44 million m³ per day—making up nearly 48% of the world’s output—the region leads globally in desalination. However, beneath these impressive numbers lies a fragile situation: climate change, rising water demand, and aging infrastructure threaten the continued operation of desalination plants that millions depend on.

Algeria exemplifies this paradox. Once a water-rich nation, the country now faces a severe annual deficit of about 7 billion m³. By 2030, Algeria plans to increase its desalination capacity to 5.3 million cubic meters per day, which will cover over 55% of an estimated national drinking water demand of 9.6 million cubic meters daily. Currently, there are 18 large plants and 12 smaller facilities operating—all mostly relying on reverse osmosis (RO). Algeria has built its water security strategy around a single technological approach.

This dependency, although economically sensible in the short term, involves significant risks. Increasing turbidity events, frequent membrane replacements, and shutdowns averaging 1,680 hours annually across nine plants have revealed a core vulnerability: pure RO systems lack operational resilience against Mediterranean Sea degradation and climate variability.

The solution doesn’t lie in abandoning proven technologies but in rethinking how they work together. A hybrid desalination system—combining thermal multi-effect distillation (MED) and reverse osmosis with clean energy integration—provides a path to real water security.

The MENA region’s desalination leadership is undeniable but highly concentrated. Five countries—Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, and Algeria—account for over 72% of regional production, representing more than 32% of global output. This concentration reflects both regional water stress and the capacity for technological adoption.

However, this concentration masks an operational fragility. The Mediterranean Sea is warming 20% faster than the global average, intensifying summer storms and extending marine heatwave seasons that now cover up to two-thirds of the basin. For desalination plants drawing raw seawater, these conditions create operational challenges that pure RO systems struggle to manage.

The critical parameters for RO viability, turbidity (NTU), the Silt Density Index (SDI), and organic load measurements (COD, BOD₅, TOC) become increasingly unstable. When turbidity exceeds 85 NTU during storm events, plants must shut down to prevent irreversible membrane damage. Algerian facilities experienced exactly this scenario, with multiple shutdowns lasting 20 to 70 days, reducing aggregate production capacity by roughly 10%.

These recurring stoppages directly threaten the reliability of the water supply. For a region where desalinated water is often the only reliable freshwater source, such interruptions transcend economic concerns; they represent genuine security risks.

The Hybrid Solution: Strategic Operational Independence

Addressing this vulnerability requires a fundamental rethinking of plant architecture. The hybrid MED (1/3) + RO (2/3) configuration offers a compelling alternative, particularly when coupled with appropriate energy sources and advanced automation.

The operational logic is simple: if the RO section shuts down due to high turbidity or membrane fouling, the MED section continues operating independently at 33% of total capacity. This guaranteed minimum production provides critical resilience. During the period of membrane replacement and cleaning (usually every 2-3 years), MED continues to supply essential water.

The economic case gets stronger over time. While hybrid systems need 28% more capital investment (CAPEX) than pure RO and have 18% higher total water costs (TWC) in the early years, the 25-year plant lifespan shows a different picture. Break-even occurs at 16 years, just as pure RO operating costs begin to rise again due to early membrane replacements.

For a facility processing over 300,000 m³/day, this results in significant operational savings. Pure RO systems have total water costs of $0.65-$0.95 per cubic meter, while hybrid systems range from $0.78-$1.18 per m³. Initially a disadvantage, but becoming more appealing as membrane replacement cycles shorten. MED’s operational stability at lower costs becomes the main economic argument in the plant’s second decade of operation.

Due to Repeated Stoppages, Urgent Action is Needed to Ensure the Safety of Drinking Water Supplies

Operating conditions are becoming more difficult to meet, especially due to climate change, which exerts strong pressure on the Mediterranean Sea and impacts both its physical features and water resource management in the region. Based on data from a 2020 study on desalination plant operations, the number of scheduled and unscheduled shutdowns is rising due to maintenance, leading to service interruptions lasting from 20 to 70 days.

For example, the nine operational desalination plants experienced about 1,680 hours of downtime in 2020. Shut-downs mainly occurred due to membrane cleaning and replacement, as well as turbidity exceeding the critical threshold of 85 NTU. This has led to a roughly 10% reduction in production capacity.

These recurring malfunctions directly threaten the reliability of the desalination system in certain regions, compromising water security and calling for an urgent review of the technology used to ensure a continuous supply and enhance the resilience of the drinking water production system.

The Hybrid MED (1/3) + RO (2/3) Plant: a Strategy for Operational Independence

To address water security issues, it is logical to suggest new solutions that enhance operational flexibility, such as a hybrid plant combining two complementary processes: the first, MED thermal (1/3), and the second, RO membrane (2/3).

If the RO section shuts down, the MED section can operate independently, with production dropping to 33% of its minimum capacity. All aspects of operational independence must be outlined during the initial design phase and explicitly incorporated into the piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID).

The design must include isolation valves and bypasses on all common lines. A control system (DCS/SCADA) capable of managing both degraded modes. Concentrated discharge management adaptable to both configurations (variable flow to the sea discharge diffuser). Also, address other aspects related to the storage and distribution section’s capacity to compensate for the drop in production.

Table 1: Overall summary data for a desalination plant with an installed capacity of 300,000 m³/day (source: IDA and GWI).

 

 

 

 

Indicator

  

Water Desalination Process

 
Reverse Osmosis

 (RO)

 Multi-Effect Distillation

(MED)

 Hybrid  RO(2/3)+MED(1/3)
CAPEX Total (M. $) 380-500 650-850 530-700
CAPEX spécifique ($/m3/j) 1270-1670 2170-2830 1766-2300
OPEX($/m3) 0.46-0.82 0.55-0.99 0.49-0.85
LCOW ($/m3) 0.50-0.80 0.75-1.15 0.63-0.99
TWC ($/m3) 0.65-0.95 0.90-1.35 0.78-1.18
Specific energy consumption (kWh/m³)/(kWh/m³) équ. * 3.5-4.5 6-9 4.5-6.4*
Quality of water produced /Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), (mg/L) 200-500 <10 80-200
Operational Resilience Average Average High

 

The MED + RO hybrid plant, combined with a combined-cycle power plant (CCPP), is the best solution for high-capacity applications. It provides operational resilience, better water quality, and energy flexibility that pure RO cannot achieve on this scale.

To better understand the economic aspect, it helps to present a comparison using approximate orders of magnitude based on data from the desalination industry (IDA, GWI, SWCC) and World Bank figures on projects completed over the last decade.

It should be noted that these figures vary considerably depending on the site, country, local energy costs, specific configuration, and conditions. Although reverse osmosis is the least expensive process in terms of investment (CAPEX of 30 to 40%) and discounted water cost (LCOW less than $0.35/m³) compared to MED desalination, the hybrid system offers advantages in service continuity and is fully justified as an appealing alternative.

This is especially true when a cogeneration plant is close to the desalination plant site. In such cases, steam is almost free, which significantly reduces the MED’s OPEX, or when strict water-quality or operational-resilience standards are required by the specifications.

Although the hybrid process requires an additional initial investment of 28% compared to reverse osmosis, the total water cost (TWC) is also 18% higher during the first few years of operation.

These figures might seem intimidating, but the analysis conclusion is quite different. Over a 25-year span, which is the typical lifespan of a desalination plant, the break-even point actually happens at 16 years. This is when reverse osmosis operating costs start to rise due to premature membrane replacements caused by more frequent cleaning and replacement every 2 to 3 years, which are well below the service intervals recommended by the manufacturer. Meanwhile, the MED thermal process offers much greater operational stability at a much lower cost.

Figure 1: Comparative overview of operational costs (OPEX) for desalination, by item, for RO, MED, and Hybrid processes.

operating expenditure of desalination process

Optimizing Pre-treatment to sustain Reverse Osmosis (RO) Efficiency

If the reverse osmosis membrane process remains effective, given technical and economic feasibility, alternative solutions, such as water intakes or anti-clogging treatments, can be explored. The water intake should have two independent supply pipes to facilitate maintenance without halting production.

The screen room must be equipped with double filter drums with a bypass to protect the membranes, which are the most sensitive and costly part of the desalination plant. Inadequate pre-treatment can lead to reduced permeate flow, increased differential pressure, irreversible membrane damage, and frequent, costly chemical in-place cleaning (CIP).

The water intake must have two separate supply pipes to enable maintenance without disrupting production. The screen room should be fitted with double filter drums with a bypass. The goal is to protect the membranes, which are the most delicate and costly part of the desalination plant. Inadequate pretreatment can cause a decrease in permeate flow, an increase in differential pressure, irreversible membrane damage, and frequent, expensive chemical cleaning (CIP, Cleaning in Place).

The UF pretreatment should be sized with a redundancy margin of 20–25% (N+1 or N+2 equipment redundancy for larger trains) to handle spikes in quality degradation without disrupting production. The management of UF membrane washing should be integrated into the distributed control system (DCS), with automatic adjustments of the frequency based on real-time quality data (turbidity, online SDI).

The combination of optimized water intake, ultrafiltration (UF) as the core of the pretreatment process, and targeted chemical inhibitors provides the best balance of performance, reliability, and cost over the lifetime of the installation.

Figure 2: Example diagram of the suggested pre-treatment based on raw water quality

pretreatment processes for seawater desalination

AI: The Key to Optimization and Predictive Maintenance of Osmotic Membranes

For regions that lack alternative drinking water sources during extended outages of more than four days, and to ensure continuous service, the hybrid MED (1/3) plus RO (2/3) desalination process offers a solution that guarantees water availability regardless of climatic conditions.

Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) can be used to optimize and maintain membranes and distillers, extending their service life and reducing outages. The results of a prediction system that automatically alerts to the time remaining before CIP, integrated into the plant’s SCADA control system, enable predictive maintenance and can lower membrane-related costs by 15 to 30%, depending on fouling levels and raw water quality.

Monitoring and predicting fault detection in pumping systems or secondary circuits can be achieved by integrating IoT data and analyzing it with AI algorithms. This enhances the reliability, safety, and lifespan of installations while reducing the costs and risks associated with unexpected breakdowns.

Energy Synergy and Optimisation of Cogeneration or Through the Use of Clean Energy Sources

Furthermore, it is crucial to maximize the use of water and electricity generated by cogeneration, utilizing residual heat to power the multi-effect distillation (MED) process while providing the electrical energy needed for the reverse osmosis (RO) membrane process.

Integrating renewable energy (RE) is considered a key strategy for reducing CO₂ emissions by 20% and the carbon footprint by approximately 40%. This option may be advantageous and promising in the future, as it converts hydrogen into electrical energy by intelligent adaptation of existing gas turbines (GTH₂ / Gas Turbine Hydrogen) to burn hydrogen instead of natural gas.

References

[1] INTERNATIONAL DESALINATION ASSOCIATION, 2018. IDA water security handbook 2018–2019. Oxford: Media Analytics Ltd. ISBN 9781907467554. [Accessed 1 February 2026].

[2] Advanced Programme for IDA World Congress, 2019. Filtration + Separation [online]. Vol. 56, No. 5, pp. 6 6. DOI 10.1016/S0015-1882(20)30126-9[online]. [Accessed 1 February 2026].

[3] WORLD BANK, 2019. The Role of Desalination in an Increasingly Water-Scarce World [online]. World Bank, Washington, DC. [Accessed 16 February 2026].

[4] ØSTERGAARD, Poul Alberg, DUIC, Neven, NOOROLLAHI, Younes, and KALOGIROU, Soteris, 2020. Latest progress in Sustainable Development using renewable energy technology. Renewable Energy [online]. December 2020. Vol. 162, pp. 1554–1562. DOI 10.1016/j.renene.2020.09.124. [Accessed 16 February, 2026].

Sustainable Management of Desalination Brine: Best Practices, Pilot Studies, and Innovations

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The management of brine generated by desalination plants has become one of the key determinants of the environmental and economic sustainability of this technology, which is now strategic for global water security. The production of desalinated water has increased significantly over the past two decades, particularly in arid regions of the Middle East, North Africa, Australia, and certain coastal areas of Europe and North America. This growth has inevitably been accompanied by a proportional increase in brine volumes. Globally, desalination facilities are estimated to produce more than 140 million cubic meters of brine per day, exceeding the volume of freshwater produced due to limited recovery rates, particularly in seawater reverse osmosis systems [1].

seawater desalination brine accumulation

This brine typically exhibits salinity levels between 60 and 75 g/L, along with residual concentrations of chemical additives used during pretreatment and membrane cleaning. Without proper management, these discharges may cause localized density disturbances, increased water column stratification, impacts on benthic macrofauna, and shifts in biological communities [2].

Current best practices primarily rely on optimizing marine discharge systems. Modern approaches favor the use of submarine outfalls equipped with multiport diffusers to ensure rapid and controlled dilution of brine in the water column. Studies conducted in the western Mediterranean have shown that properly designed diffusers can reduce salinity anomalies to near-background levels within a few tens of meters from the discharge point, thereby limiting the spatial footprint of impacts [3].

The integration of three-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling during the design phase enables accurate prediction of saline plume dispersion based on currents, bathymetry, and seasonal thermal gradients. These tools are now considered essential requirements in environmental impact assessments associated with large-scale desalination projects [4].

At the same time, source reduction represents a crucial lever. Improvements in high-permeability reverse osmosis membranes and the widespread adoption of energy recovery devices have increased recovery rates while reducing specific energy consumption, which can now fall below 3 kWh/m³ in high-performance facilities [5]. Even a few percentage points increase in recovery directly translates into a significant reduction in brine volume. Pilot studies conducted in California have demonstrated that hybrid configurations combining reverse osmosis with secondary membrane stages can achieve high yields while controlling scaling phenomena through optimized antiscalant dosing and pH management [6].

Beyond discharge optimization, the most promising innovations concern liquid effluent minimization and brine component valorization. The concept of “zero liquid discharge” has been tested in several industrial contexts. In Australia, the Perth desalination plant has been the subject of exploratory studies on integrating advanced concentration processes and solar evaporation ponds to reduce discharge volumes, particularly in capacity expansion scenarios [7]. These approaches combine reverse osmosis with additional thermal or membrane processes such as membrane distillation or reverse electrodialysis to further concentrate salts and recover additional water.

In Europe, the collaborative project “ZERO BRINE,” funded under the Horizon 2020 program, demonstrated at pilot scale the feasibility of selectively recovering salts and minerals from industrial saline effluents and concentrated brines [8]. By combining nanofiltration, electrodialysis, and fractional crystallization, researchers successfully produced industrial-grade sodium chloride, magnesium, and other valuable compounds. These results confirm that brine can be regarded as a secondary resource within a circular economy framework, simultaneously reducing environmental burdens and generating potential revenue streams.

Research conducted in China within pilot projects on seawater desalination brine valorization has explored lithium, magnesium, and boron recovery through combined selective precipitation and membrane extraction processes [9]. Some experimental coastal facilities have demonstrated the technical feasibility of extracting strategically valuable elements from saline concentrates, particularly in the context of growing lithium demand for batteries. Although concentrations remain lower than in natural continental brines, these studies show that process optimization can enhance economic viability and contribute to mineral supply diversification.

Integrated aquaculture represents another innovative pathway. Pilot projects in Australia and Asia have investigated the controlled use of diluted brines for cultivating halotolerant microalgae, with prospects for producing biomass for animal feed or energy valorization [10]. While these systems require strict chemical parameter control to prevent residual toxicity, they illustrate the potential synergies between desalination and the marine bioeconomy.

Energy integration is a key success factor for advanced brine management strategies. Additional concentration processes can be energy-intensive unless coupled with renewable energy sources or waste heat recovery systems. Recent research has shown that combining membrane distillation with industrial waste heat or solar thermal sources can improve overall system efficiency while reducing carbon footprints [11]. Integrating desalination into multi-purpose industrial platforms also promotes shared discharge infrastructure and monitoring systems.

brine production from desalination plant

Environmental monitoring constitutes an essential component of best practices. Advances in continuous sensing technologies and predictive modeling now enable real-time tracking of physicochemical parameters around outfalls. Long-term studies in the Mediterranean have demonstrated that adaptive monitoring allows discharge rate adjustments and prevents localized salinity accumulation, thereby reducing risks to sensitive seagrass meadows [12]. The use of big data analytics and artificial intelligence algorithms opens new perspectives for dynamic operational optimization.

Despite these advances, several challenges remain. Valorization technologies must still demonstrate large-scale economic viability, particularly in contexts where mineral prices fluctuate. Initial investments for advanced concentration systems can be substantial, and their adoption strongly depends on regulatory frameworks and economic incentives. Nevertheless, global trends increasingly favor the integration of circular economy principles into the desalination sector. Recognizing brine as a valuable resource stream, combined with technological innovation and rigorous environmental planning, represents a major paradigm shift.

Conclusion

Sustainable brine management requires a comprehensive approach combining discharge optimization, source reduction, mineral recovery, energy integration, and advanced environmental monitoring. Pilot studies conducted in Europe, Australia, and North America demonstrate the technical feasibility of innovative solutions, even though their widespread deployment requires economic and institutional adjustments. As desalination becomes a structural pillar of global water security, brine management emerges as a key indicator of environmental performance and a strategic field of innovation for the decades ahead.

References

[1] Jones, E., Qadir, M., van Vliet, M.T.H., Smakhtin, V., Kang, S.M., 2019. The state of desalination and brine production: A global outlook. Sci. Total Environ. 657, 1343–1356.

[2] Roberts, D.A., Johnston, E.L., Knott, N.A., 2010. Impacts of desalination plant discharges on the marine environment: A critical review. Water Res. 44, 5117–5128.

[3] Fernández-Torquemada, Y., Sánchez-Lizaso, J.L., 2007. Effects of salinity on leaf growth and survival of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 350, 120–129.

[4] Lattemann, S., Höpner, T., 2008. Environmental impact and impact assessment of seawater desalination. Desalination 220, 1–15.

[5] Elimelech, M., Phillip, W.A., 2011. The future of seawater desalination: Energy, technology, and the environment. Science 333, 712–717.

[6] Greenlee, L.F., Lawler, D.F., Freeman, B.D., Marrot, B., Moulin, P., 2009. Reverse osmosis desalination: Water sources, technology, and today’s challenges. Water Res. 43, 2317–2348.

[7] Barron, O.V., et al., 2015. Brine disposal from seawater desalination: Australian case studies and environmental implications. Desalin. Water Treat. 57, 1–12.

[8] ZERO BRINE Consortium, 2020. Circular economy solutions for saline wastewater streams. Desalination 479, 114313.

[9] Oren, Y., 2010. Capacitive deionization (CDI) for desalination and water treatment—past, present and future. Desalination 228, 10–29.

[10] Neori, A., 2008. Essential role of seaweed cultivation in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture farms for global expansion of mariculture. J. Appl. Phycol. 20, 567–570.

[11] Khayet, M., Matsuura, T., 2011. Membrane distillation: Principles and applications. Desalination 287, 2–18.

[12] Ruiz, J.M., Romero, J., Pérez, M., 2001. Effects of fish farm loadings on seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) distribution, growth and photosynthesis. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 42, 749–760.

6 Top Green Ways for Tidying Your Home

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Home cleaning is a routine that you should perform regularly so that you can always live in a comfortable environment. However, some methods used for cleaning homes can negatively impact the environment in different ways. To prevent this, you can consider green cleaning methods. As such, you can double-check the 6 green ways for tidying your home below:

1. DIY cleaning products

Homemade cleaning products with natural ingredients such as lemon juice, white vinegar, baking soda, and olive oil are perfect for cleaning your home since they do not negatively impact the environment. These products are safe, and you can also use them for various purposes like cleaning the kitchen, the windows, as well as the bathroom.

If you want to get rid of insects and other unsightly creatures, you can also consider green methods to do so. Seattle, for example, is a beautiful city consisting of a warm and oceanic climate and relatively dry summers. Insects and other substances like molds can thrive in this climate, so you need to find green methods of eliminating them. Other treatment methods consist of chemicals that can be hazardous to the environment, to pets, as well as to humans, so you must always prioritize safety.

2. Avoid cleaners that contribute to pollution

The other option of home green cleaning is to consider cleaners that do not cause air pollution. For example, instead of vacuuming your floors, you can sweep manually using a broom. This can be time-consuming, but it is much better for the environment.

3. Use water for cleaning

You can also consider using clean water only especially when cleaning ceramic floor tiles. If there are no dirt stains on the tiles, you can simply mop them using clean water and avoid detergents with chemicals and other artificial components.

4. Use soda to clean carpets

When your carpet is dirty, it can be unsightly, and it can also produce a bad smell. You can use baking soda to clean the carpet, which is great because it is free of toxic chemicals. Soda can also freshen your carpet.

Also Read – Rug Cleaning Sector: A Venue for Innovative Business Practices

5. Use boiling water for cleaning

When cleaning surfaces with oil residues like kitchen tables and sinks, you can use boiling water since it can melt the dirt so that you can easily wipe it with a clean cloth. Using boiling water can also help unclog the drainage system in the kitchen instead of using chemicals that can be toxic and cause a negative impact on the environment.

indoor-air-quality-arab

6. Clean indoor air naturally

You can clean the indoor air naturally by opening the windows as much as possible. This option is safe instead of using artificial air fresheners with fragrances that can affect the environment. However, you should first check if there is no strong wind that can blow dust particles inside.

Conclusion

Environmental concerns are increasingly gaining recognition across the board, so you must also play your part. You can do this by adopting green methods for tidying your home. These methods are clean and are very environmentally-friendly.

Biomass Potential of Date Palm Wastes

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Date palm is one of the principal agricultural products in the arid and semi-arid region of the world, especially Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. There are more than 120 million date palm trees worldwide yielding several million tons of dates per year, apart from secondary products including palm midribs, leaves, stems, fronds and coir. The Arab world has more than 84 million date palm trees with the majority in Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia and United Arab Emirates.

date-palm-waste-management

Egypt is the world’s largest date producer with annual production of 1.47 million tons of dates in 2012 which accounted for almost one-fifth of global production. Saudi Arabia has more than 23 millions date palm trees, which produce about 1 million tons of dates per year. Date palm trees produce huge amount of agricultural wastes in the form of dry leaves, stems, pits, seeds etc.

A typical date tree can generate as much as 20 kilograms of dry leaves per annum while date pits account for almost 10 percent of date fruits. Some studies have reported that Saudi Arabia alone generates more than 200,000 tons of date palm biomass each year.

Date palm is considered a renewable natural resource because it can be replaced in a relatively short period of time. It takes 4 to 8 years for date palms to bear fruit after planting, and 7 to 10 years to produce viable yields for commercial harvest. Usually date palm wastes are burned in farms or disposed in landfills which cause environmental pollution in date-producing nations. In countries like Iraq and Egypt, a small portion of palm biomass in used in making animal feed.

date-palm-biomass

The major constituents of date palm biomass are cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. In addition, date palm has high volatile solids content and low moisture content. These factors make date palm biomass an excellent waste-to-energy resource in the MENA region. A wide range of thermal and biochemical technologies exists to convert the energy stored in date palm biomass to useful forms of energy. The low moisture content in date palm wastes makes it well-suited to thermo-chemical conversion technologies like combustion, gasification and pyrolysis.

On the other hand, the high volatile solids content in date palm biomass indicates its excellent biogas  potential in anaerobic digestion plants, possibly by codigestion with sewage sludge, animal wastes and/and food wastes. The cellulosic content in date palm wastes can be transformed into biofuel (bioethanol) by making use of the fermentation process. Thus, abundance of date palm trees in the GCC, especially Saudi Arabia, can catalyze the development of biomass and biofuels sector in the region.

Ramadan: A Time to Respond to the Earth’s State of Emergency

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This week marks the beginning of the blessed month of Ramadan, a month which has been identified as a time to gain taqwa – God-consciousness. This month invites Muslims to attain nearness to Allah (SWT).

يَـٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ ٱلصِّيَامُ كَمَا كُتِبَ عَلَى ٱلَّذِينَ مِن قَبْلِكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَتَّقُونَ ١٨٣

O you who have believed, decreed upon you is fasting as it was decreed upon those before you that you may attain taqwa, Qu’ran, 2:183

Ramadan and climate change crisis

However, Ramadan is more than the individual forms of worship. Ramadan embodies a sense of community. A time of gathering in the mosque; of sharing meals; of engaging in acts of kindness, compassion and empathy towards the creation of Allah (SWT). Ramadan is a time to embody acts that uphold the sacred trust and responsibility of khalifah towards the Earth. To consciously honour and uphold the dignity of every creation of this Earth, which Allah (SWT) has created.

وَهُوَ ٱلَّذِى جَعَلَكُمْ خَلَـٰٓئِفَ ٱلْأَرْضِ

And it is He who has made you successors upon the earth, Qur’an, 6:165

This week also, simultaneously marks the release of the new UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report which indicates that humanity has reached “a critical moment in history,” as per IPCC Chair Hoesung Lee.  As UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres has put it, the report presents an Acceleration Agenda and is a massive call to action by every nation and sector to act with a sense of immediacy and urgency, a moment for humanity to join efforts, and be part of the solution.

environmental-quotes

For Muslims, as we step into the blessed days of Ramadan, this report should be a call for us to pay special attention towards the Earth, and divine creation of Allah (SWT). How can we focus on attaining nearness to Allah (SWT), and ignore the suffering and damage that is happening to His Creation? Islam provides Muslims with a very unique framework for connecting with and upholding the well-being of the Earth. One that is connected to a divine connection to Allah (SWT).

Within the Qur’an itself, Allah (SWT) has explained that all of creation is united in a single bond of worship and glorification of the Lord.

تُسَبِّحُ لَهُ ٱلسَّمَـٰوَٰتُ ٱلسَّبْعُ وَٱلْأَرْضُ وَمَن فِيهِنَّ ۚ وَإِن مِّن شَىْءٍ إِلَّا يُسَبِّحُ بِحَمْدِهِۦ وَلَـٰكِن لَّا تَفْقَهُونَ تَسْبِيحَهُمْ ۗ إِنَّهُۥ كَانَ حَلِيمًا غَفُورًۭا ٤٤

The seven heavens, the earth, and all those in them glorify Him. There is not a single thing that does not glorify His praises—but you ˹simply˺ cannot comprehend their glorification. He is indeed Most Forbearing, All-Forgiving., Qur’an, 17:44 

The loss of species, the damage to the Earth is in fact a damage to the very entities that are engaged in worship and glorification of The Creator.  We have to question, how do our actions become accomplices in the destruction of this sacred Earth?  In the words of Guterres, “We have never been better equipped to solve the climate challenge, but we must move into warp speed climate action now.  We don’t have a moment to lose.”  So the question to ourselves as an ummah is, how did we react when this news reached us?  How did Ramadan transform us inwardly, and how did we manifest this outwardly through our actions on this Earth?

Quran and environmental conservation

Amidst the reality of the rapidly degrading state of the Earth through the climate change crisis, Muslims have also been equipped with a framework that enables us to act with a balance of hope and meaningful action, rather than despair of loss.

As found in the hadith:

Anas ibn Malik reported that the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said,

“If the Final Hour comes while you have a shoot of a plant in your hands and it is possible to plant it before the Hour comes, you should plant it.”

For a Muslim, there is a sense of finding hope and grounding oneself in knowing that Allah (SWT) has knowledge over all things and is the Protector of all.  Thus, acting with calm consistency and recognizing one’s individual responsibility to simply act without attachment to the outcome is the very act of building hope for a Muslim.

May this Ramadan be a time of attaining nearness to Allah (SWT) and meaningful action which embodies a commitment towards responding to the critical state of the Earth, InshaAllah.

Everything You Need to Know About Recycling of Plastics

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Disposal of plastic waste has emerged as an important environmental challenge in the Middle East where plastics make up as much as one-tenth of the solid waste stream. In affluent GCC nations, plastic waste composition in municipal solid waste is around 12 – 16 percent. Plastic waste in the region is continuously increasing due to increasing use of plastics in daily life. The Middle East is responsible for about 8 percent of the global plastic production.

menace of plastic water bottles

 

Plastic waste is a source of greenhouse gas emissions and ecological damage. Majority of the items found on beaches across the region contain plastic which pose a serious danger to marine life. Plastic waste disposal is a major challenge due to non-biodegradable nature of plastics and such wastes are visibly present in landfill sites for a long time.

Recycling of Plastics

Recycling of plastics is one of the best methods for sustainable disposal of plastic wastes. Unfortunately, plastic is much more difficult to recycle than materials like glass, aluminum or paper. A common problem with recycling plastics is that plastics are often made up of more than one kind of polymer or there may be some sort of fibre added to the plastic (a composite).

plastic recycling machine

Plastic polymers require greater processing to be recycled as each type melts at different temperatures and has different properties, so careful separation is necessary. Moreover, most plastics are not highly compatible with one another. Apart from familiar applications like recycling bottles and industrial packaging film, there are also new developments like covering pipes, window frames, roofing membranes and flooring.

Commonly Recyclable Plastics

  • High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) used in piping, automotive fuel tanks, bottles, toys,
  • Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) used in plastic bags, cling film, flexible containers;
  • Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) used in bottles, carpets and food packaging;
  • Polypropylene (PP) used in food containers, battery cases, bottle crates, automotive parts and fibres;
  • Polystyrene (PS) used in dairy product containers, tape cassettes, cups and plates;
  • Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) used in window frames, flooring, bottles, packaging film, cable insulation, credit cards and medical products

Five Steps in Plastics Recycling

  • Collection: This is done through roadside collections, special recycling bins and directly from industries that use a lot of plastic.
  • Sorting: At this stage nails and stones are removed, and the plastic is sorted into three types: PET, HDPE and ‘other’.
  • Chipping: The sorted plastic is cut into small pieces ready to be melted down.
  • Washing: This stage removes contaminants such as paper labels, dirt and remnants of the product originally contained in the plastic.
  • Pelletization: The plastic is then melted down and extruded into small pellets ready for reuse.

Polyethlene terephthalate (PET) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles have high recyclability and are an integral part of most curbside and drop-off recycling programs. Recycled PET and HDPE have many uses and well-established markets. The growth of bottle recycling has been facilitated by the development of processing technologies that increase product purities and reduce operational costs.

In contrast, recycling of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bottles and other materials is limited. A major problem in the recycling of PVC is the high chlorine content in raw PVC (around 56 percent of the polymer’s weight) and the high levels of hazardous additives added to the polymer to achieve the desired material quality. As a result, PVC requires separation from other plastics before mechanical recycling.

plastic recycling process

Plastic Recycling in the Middle East

Plastic recycling is still in early stages in the Middle East. Some countries have started plastic waste collection programs but their efficacy is yet to be ascertained as most of the collected waste is still sent to countries, like China and India, for recycling. In recent years, several government initiatives have been launched and plastic recycling centers have been established in UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar etc. which is a welcome development.

Apart from infrastructural roadblocks, lack of awareness and low level of community participation are major factors behind increasing generation of plastic wastes. The staggering amount of plastic wastes generated in the Middle East demands a concerted effort from policy-makers and urban planners to devise an effective plastic waste collection and recycling strategy to tackle the menace of plastic wastes.

4 Quick Ways to Reduce E-Waste in Your Small Business

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The issue of e-waste is one we all need to face up to, and small businesses are in a position to do more to help the environment and also reduce costs in this context. If you’re looking for a fresh approach to minimizing e-waste in a flash, here are some tips to consider following in your own small business.

how to reduce e-waste in small businesses

1. Donate Old Equipment

If you own a small business, chances are there’s an abundance of unused tech lying around. Don’t let these items go to waste – donate them instead.

You can give away any gently used equipment like desktop computers, laptops, tables and much more to local good causes, whether that’s schools in your community that need it, youth projects or anything else.

This way not only will you reduce e-waste, but also help out people who may be struggling financially. So long as what you donate is still in good working order, you’ll avoid shipping perfectly serviceable items further afield for recycling or straight-up dumping.

2. Revamp Old Computers With Free, Open Source Software

Putting old computers to work in a different capacity within the organization, rather than shelling out for new hardware, is another wise move.

For instance, by installing a free, open source, lightweight operating system like Linux, you can extend the lifespan of older laptops or desktops, rather than sending them to the scrap heap as soon as the latest Windows update starts to hamper their performance. Not only will this reduce e-waste, but it’ll also save money in the long run.

Also, if your business still relies on outdated first-party programs like Microsoft Office, consider switching to free alternatives like LibreOffice, which offer all the same features for zero cost. You could go the subscription route, of course, but that’s a choice you have to make based on your budget and your needs. You can also explore Invoice Template for Microsoft Excel to reduce paper wastage due to invoicing-related tasks.

3. Use Call Forwarding to Avoid Buying New Phone Handsets for Employees

With the help of an auto attendant phone system, you can set up a call forwarding so that customers and clients can get in touch with team members wherever they might be.

The latest call forwarding tech means that there’s no need to splash out on new handsets for every employee; instead, calls placed to your business number or to their extension can be automatically routed through to whatever end point makes the most sense. This could be their own mobile handset, another landline off-site, or anything else.

This will also allow you to use the same handset with multiple extensions and even transfer calls between employees if needed.

By taking this approach, you’ll cut down on e-waste while still providing efficient customer service. Plus, it’s much cheaper than investing in expensive hardware that could quickly become outdated or obsolete. And best of all, you can be sure that your customers won’t notice any difference when making calls.

4. Recycle E-Waste Properly and Safely

At some point you’ll need to deal with e-waste that’s no longer viable for in-house operations or for donating externally. When the time comes, recycling is the best option for small businesses.

Ewaste Management for Small Businesses

By taking the time to properly recycle old electronics, you can prevent them from ending up in landfill or being illegally dumped overseas.

To get started, research local waste disposal companies who offer safe and secure methods of disposing of electronic items such as computers or phones – this should be done regularly if your business uses a lot of technology.

Additionally, ensure that all data stored on these devices has been securely wiped before sending them off for processing; this will help protect against potential breaches of privacy which could put your customers at risk.

Finally, don’t forget to keep track of any receipts provided by recyclers so you can prove that proper processes were followed when getting rid of unwanted equipment.

How To Save The World From Plastic Pollution

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There is not one solution, we all know that. But let’s take a look back in time for a possible solution to plastic pollution. In a past-era, we had a solution that worked. Why not try that option once again. The returnable, refillable container of last century that was a sure thing introduced by Coca Cola in the 1920’s. It ensured customer satisfaction and more importantly, customer loyalty.

plastic-wastes

Coca Cola sold its desirable liquid in expensive bottles that the company needed to be returned for the next drink batch, and the batch after that, and the batch after that one, and so on. The bottle was reused 40 or 50 times. That’s an excellent usage record for one glass bottle.

How did it work? Simple. The company included a deposit charge. In those days, a two-cent deposit equated to about 40% of the full cost of the bottle of drink in the 1920’s. They secured around 98% return of their bottles. The deposit system is a highly successful model for securing the return of the original product, in this case the glass packaging.

This is a closed loop system, where the purchaser rents the container or packaging and buys the content. The idea of generating trash or getting rid of the container is not an option. So why is there not a surge in the regeneration of the conservation within the consumerism marketing approach?

It has been reintroduced when Szaky reintroduced the Loop approach for his online delivery service. The Loop market sells over 300 different items, in containers of various size and made from various materials. One can purchase food products, like ice cream right out to the more boring household items such as cleaning products.

The Loop signature product is the Häagen-Dazs ice cream sold in an insulated stainless steel tub. This means no softening, no melt. Just firm, cold ice cream by the time it reaches your home. Refillables are a serious, viable solution for the plastic waste crisis that the globe is presently facing. It is a way forward for future waste control but does not address the present plastic waste crisis.

plastic-collection-middle-east

Other initiatives are the ‘Bring you own refillable cup’ in cafes and coffee houses. The sale of coffee in refillable cups means we can avoid filling the landfills with once-used, thin-plastic-film lined paper cups. That’s another great retro step to reducing our plastic footprint.

The circular economy can also replace those very convenient one-serving of coffee, or sugar, or soup, or detergent, and so on. These single-serve sachets are typically in a plastic-type packaging. Yes, affordable. No, waste generators. Instead, we need to revert back to vending machine filling your container with a limited or selected  amount.

This container deposit – returnable item would not have grabbed the market several years back. But now that the outcry against plastics is so loud, the ‘Loop method’ can actually shout louder and grab the attention of investors and consumers. A global crisis makes the global population open its eyes and its mind.

How successful is Szaky with the ‘Loop  model’? He gave his pitch at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland and he secured big producers like Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola, Unilever, Proctor and Gamble all to sign on.

This is only part of the story about the future of plastic but it’s a great place to rethink and restart the process of consumerism.

Energy Answers for the Middle East

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The economy of Middle East is practically synonymous with crude oil for the average Western observer, but what most people aren’t aware of is the Middle East hasn’t been doing so well out of its crude oil reserves in recent years. So much so, that it may be the first time in history that we can justifiably declare an imminent state of Peak Oil in these regions.

It is an understandably bold statement, and one that will come as a surprise to many… especially those who have been blindsided by the more general, global statistics. Besides a slight dip over the course of 2013, it appears that crude oil production around the world is in on an upward trend, and peak oil doesn’t seem to be on this side of the horizon.

an oil field in middle east

But there’s a reason why production looks so healthy, and it isn’t anything to do with the Middle East region. If we exclude North America from the statistics, we’re left with a much bleaker picture. It is clear that it is only the U.S. and Canada who are bolstering production figures for the rest of the world. Everywhere else is seeing a sharp decline – and likely prolonged – decline.

Worse, even North America seems to be suffering once you dig into the details; their own upswing rests solely upon shale reserves, a sub-set of oil production that is becoming increasingly hard to recover in way that is economically viable. This is why less than 30% of shale operations take place outside of America and Canada, since they have almost exclusive access to the specialized rigs required to obtain shale oil.

Flow Reversal

Most of the fossil fuel action now seems to be flowing out of America rather than towards it, and it’s highly likely that the U.S. and Canada will begin to export its excess oil to regions that, historically, used to produce it themselves. The shale boom has already crippled the European refineries, and West African suppliers are suffering a similar fate.

Given that the Middle East region is also in the firing line, what can be done to mitigate this, or at least lessen the dependency on crude oil?

United Arab Emirates is arguably just as famous for its oil as it is as pioneers of green technology. Cities such as Abu Dhabi (and Masdar City in particular) are well known for their greenery, advanced architecture, eco initiatives and focus on carbon-neutral municipal planning.

Great advances have been made already in these ‘green cities of the future’, and further innovations would be welcome. Improved water recycling or an increase in roof gardens are all areas which could drive things ever forward.

Dubai Wasn’t Built in a Day

As well as focusing on how to reduce waste and better use the resources we do have, it should also be remembered that many countries in the Middle East weren’t exclusively built on oil.

For instance, it’s a common misconception that Dubai’s great wealth came from the black gold; while the towering metropolis of today is markedly different from the settlement that has stood their since antiquity, it has blossomed for thousands of years as a prime location for trade. While oil has undeniably played its part, less than 7% of the emirate’s revenues come from oil and gas.

Dubai is a good example in that it has recognized the need for diversification in recent years. It remains a global hub for trade – accounting for 16% of its revenue – and has recently established itself as a huge market for real estate, construction, and tourism. A good move on Dubai’s part, really, since its oil is expected to run out soon.

Ultimately, the answer seems to fall somewhere between Abu Dhabi’s focus on alternative energies and Dubai’s focus on different revenue streams. What is clear, however, is that focusing solely on chasing down the last barrel of oil is not a foolish move economically, but one which is will short-change our environment in the process.