Environmental Challenges in Saudi Arabia’s Oil and Gas Industry

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Despite the efforts of global society and scientists to reduce the dependency on oil and gas as a main source of energy and find new green and renewable energy sources, the oil remains the most effective one. The oil production rate has increased incrementally from the 1970s to the 2020s, which is driven by the demand for oil.

peak-oil-middle-east

A Global Problem

The main problem with the dependence on oil and gas as a primary source of energy lies in the huge pollution caused by the industry. For example, oil enterprises and petroleum companies currently release about 2000 tons of chemicals in the atmosphere and discharge about 70 million tons of polluted wastewater to sea per annum.

This amount of continuous pollution, which is a result of normal activities, not accidents, forms the second major threatening to the entire ecosystem and humankind’s life. The major sources of pollution in across the world are vehicular emissions and industrial discharges. Infact, the urban atmosphere is 90% polluted with automobile transport residue, especially in the big cities.

The oil and gas industry is paying increased attention on protecting the environment especially after the new environmental regulations in the globe supported by specialist organizations like API, IPIECA, and OGP. Unfortunately, there is no practically 100% safe operation for plants and pipelines networks in oil processing. So, risks such as oil spills and gaseous emissions are essential features of the energy industry.

Situation in Saudi Arabia

The Saudi Arabian authority for environment referred to as ‘The General Authority of Meteorology and Environmental Protection (GAMEP)’, pays great attention to protect the country’s environment. This is also reflected in Saudi Aramco pollution concerns where the importance is given to control and monitor pollution at both the coasts – eastern and western.

It is well known that in Saudi Arabian oil and gas industry, most activities are located offshore. So, oil spills and potential accidents with pipelines, facilities, oil tankers, or rigs, are very much existent and having serious negative impact on marine life and public health.

Havoc Caused by Oil Spills

Oil spill is considered to be the most environmentally challenging aspect of oil production for two reasons. First, because offshore spills are usually hard to control due to the nature of the offshore environment and tide movement. Second, because of the huge harm that the oil spill puts on marine habitats which in turn is considered as the main source of food for the community.

Scientific studies have shown that when an oil spill occurs offshore, the oil film on the surface contains 60% of hydrocarbon of which 50% is evaporated into the atmosphere. In addition, below sea surface the hydrocarbon percentage reaches 30%, This percentage is decreases to 10% at a depth of 100 meters. Unfortunately, the below surface area forms the living area of marine growth which in turn forms the food for most kinds of fish. Click here to know how microbes can help in environmental restoration.

Bioremediation is a popular method to treat oil spills in seas and on beaches.

Moreover, oil spills may occur at any time with no pretending or expectation. This is because they are a result of oil operation activities failures or accidents. For example, flaring and venting, decommissioning of oil and gas installations, oil storage tanks disposal, drilling activities etc. Oil spills can be a source of escalated accidents as well and entail potential risks. Oil spill in the offshore area requires international collaboration and pre-set contingency response plan to control it and limit its harmlessness. The governmental authority put oil spills in high priority accidents’ classification after the fire.

The Menace of Emissions

The second environmental challenge facing Saudi Arabia’s oil and gas industry is CO2 emission. As a result of necessary and ordinary flaring and manufacturing process activities that take place in refineries and gas oil separation plants, the increasing amount of CO2 is being released to the atmosphere. CO2 affects the quality of air and works to increase the global temperature.

The air quality improvement concept is part of article 2 of the General Environment Law. It is also linked to the 10th,11th, and 13th sustainable development goals (SDGs) for sustainable cities and communities in UN protocols. As a member of G20 countries, Saudi Arabia has submitted a national climate plan to the UN. It also committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 130 million tons by 2030.

It is worthy to mention here that the energy sector contributes about 92% of CO2 emission, and 66% of which is from electricity generation, desalination, and land transportation. The Saudi electrical company had also announced its plans to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels and invest in renewable energy. However, it seems challenging to fulfill the huge need for electricity from solar energy despite the sunny weather that Saudi Arabia enjoys.

The Way Forward

The boom in industrial activities and investment in Saudi Arabia is demanding more power. As we know the modern factories and manufacturing processes require increasing flux of electricity, other than the expanding cities. Globally, it is challenging to continue on hydrocarbon production with low cost and simultaneously adhere to environmental regulations and social responsibility.

Therefore, the balance between booming industrial activities in Saudi Arabia and its demand for power and the CO2 emission reduction need is challenging to go through. One of the alternative power sources which are being discussing by the Saudi government is the nuclear power as it can produce power more efficiently than fossil fuel and solar energy despite its controversial nature.

The two issues, oil spills, and CO2 emission carry negative effects on the global climate. That is why global collaboration and united regulations should be followed to ease tackling these issues or reduce their negative impacts.

As a conclusion, the Saudi Arabia transformational movements to meet the objectives of Vision 2030 can be a fixing tool for the environmental challenges it faces. For example, utilizing artificial intelligence in designing environment-friendly factories, increase the awareness of global environmental concerns among the business sector, or investing in industrial recycling facilities, besides developing new environment protection legislation and policies. Saudi Arabia’s approach facing the environmental challenges and the global climate issues is encouraging and promising and reflects its role as a member of the G20 country group.

Information Sources

Kapsarc.org. 2017. [online] Available at: <https://www.kapsarc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/KS-2017-MP04-GCC-Energy-Overview-2017.pdf>  [Accessed 20 March 2020].

Gossen, L. and Velichkina, L., 2006. Environmental problems of the oil-and-gas industry (Review). Petroleum Chemistry, 46(2), pp.67-72.

UNDP. 2018. Sustainable Natural Resources Management | UNDP In Saudi Arabia.

Food Waste, Ramadan and the Middle East

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With the holy month of Ramadan already underway, huge food wastage in the Middle East is again hogging limelight. It is a widely accepted fact that almost half of the municipal solid waste stream in the Middle East is comprised of food wastes and associated matter. The increasing amount of food wastage in Ramadan urgently demands a strong and holistic food management strategy to ensure its minimization, ethical utilization and eco-friendly disposal.

iftar-party-food-waste

Food Waste in Ramadan

Middle Eastern nations are acknowledged as being the world’s top food wasters, and during Ramadan the situation takes a turn for the worse. In the GCC nations, as per conservative estimates, around 50 percent of the food prepared during Ramadan is wasted.

In 2012, the Dubai Municipality estimated that in Ramadan, around 55% of household waste (or approximately 1,850 tons is thrown away every day. An estimated 4500 tons of food is wasted across Saudi Arabia during Ramadan. Food waste generation in Bahrain exceeds 400 tons per day during the holy month, according to Rehan Ahmad, Head of Waste Disposal Unit (Bahrain). As far as Qatar is concerned, almost half of the food prepared during Ramadan find its way into garbage bins.

The amount of food waste generated in Ramadan is significantly higher than other months. There is a chronic inclination of Muslims towards over-indulgence and lavishness in the holy month, even though the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), asked Muslims to adopt moderation in all walks of life. Socio-cultural attitudes and lavish lifestyles also play a major role in more food waste generation in Ramadan in almost all Muslim countries.

food waste in ramadan

Economic Implications

The greater the economic prosperity and the higher percentage of urban population, the greater the amount of waste produced. A good example is the case of oil‐rich GCC which figures among the world’s most prolific per capita waste generators. High-income groups usually generate more food waste per capita when compared to less-affluent groups. Hotels, cafeterias, restaurants etc. are also a big contributor of food wastes in the Middle East during the holy month of Ramadan.

Food waste generation is expected to steadily with the rapid growth of regional economies boom. The per capita production of solid waste in Arab cities such as Riyadh, Doha and Abu Dhabi is more than 1.5 kg per day, placing them among the highest per capita waste producers in the world. These statistics point to loss of billions of dollars each year in the form of food waste throughout the Arab world, especially during Ramadan.

food wastage during Ramadan

The Way Forward

The foremost steps to reduce food wastage are behavioral change, increased public awareness, strong legislations, food banks, recycling facilities (composting and biogas plants) and community participation. Effective laws and mass sensitization campaigns are required to compel the people to adopt waste minimization practices and implement sustainable lifestyles.

During Ramadan, religious scholars and prayer-leaders can play a vital role in motivating Muslims to follow Islamic principles of sustainability, as mentioned in the Holy Quran and Hadith The best way to reduce food waste is to feel solidarity towards millions and millions of people around the world who face enormous hardships in having a single meal each day.

Energy and the Climate: Perspectives for the Middle East

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Since energy is an absolute necessity for life on Earth, we have utilized many sources of energy to maintain and improve the lives of people around the globe. The ultimate source of energy is the Sun of course, since all living things on Earth such as plants, trees, animals, and humans need the Sun’s energy. In addition to the Sun, we have utilized other sources of energy such as oil, coal, and nuclear fission.  However, energy has many different forms and we use different forms of energy for different applications. For example, nuclear energy is mostly used to generate electricity, while oil is used to fuel our cars.

energy sector in middle east

Per capita energy conservation in the Middle East is among the highest worldwide

Having established the absolute necessity of energy to maintain life on Earth, it is equally critical to understand that energy is also capable of extinguishing life on Earth if misused. For example, the use of oil and coal to generate energy, produces different gases, mostly carbon monoxide, that have negative impact on the environment. Such a negative impact has been identified by scientists as global warming.

It has been established that global warming is directly related to the increased level of carbon monoxide in our atmosphere.  As the temperature on Earth continues to rise, the entire climate will start to change because of the higher temperature on the surface of Earth. Moreover, any changes in the climate will have a direct impact on life. For example, many plants, trees and even animals may not be able to survive in hotter climate in a specific region of Earth, yet the impact of such change will be felt all over the world.

The Relationship between Energy and Climate Change

Energy has a direct impact on the climate and as a result has direct impact on all living creatures on Earth. It is the responsibility of all people on Earth to preserve our current climate by using clean sources of energy, such as solar and wind, and moving away from oil and coal. Climate has direct impact not only on the food we eat, but on our ability to survive in certain regions of the planet.

Since most people in developing countries do not completely understand the direct relationship between the energy they use and the climate change as a result, while others in the more developed countries put economical gain ahead of the environment, additional laws with larger penalties may be needed to be enforced around the world.

In addition, all governments must focus on the research and development of clean energy sources and slowly move away from oil and coal as both sources are the ultimate sources of pollution to the environment, which may result in permanent change to the climate on Earth. Meanwhile, and until the clean energy sources are fully developed and utilized around the world, maintaining current trees and planting new ones will help offset the effects caused by the release of carbon monoxide into the air.

The Difference between China and the Middle East

It has been known for some time now that China is one of the largest contributors to air pollution due to its significant economic growth which mostly depends on oil, and its large population; however, the Middle East is also on top of the list of countries and regions that heavily depend on cheap oil prices to power the engine of their economies.

The main difference however, between China and the rich-oil countries in the Middle East is that in recent years, China has signed several international agreements to reduce air pollution by different means. The Chinese people in addition, have come a long way to better understand the global impact due to air pollution.

The oil-rich countries in the Middle East on the other hand, are still behind very much the rest of the world in this area, mainly due to the lack of education on many of the environmental issues, as well as the lack of any alternative energy sources. However, time has come for all these countries to start looking into other alternative energy sources before it is too late

The Pressure on Industrialized Countries

As more people on this planet become aware of the deadly consequences of using oil as a source of energy, the internal and external pressure keeps mounting on the industrialized countries to look for alternative energy sources. In fact, it is only a matter of time before these industrialized countries develop alternative energy sources on mass scale, which may eventually cause the death of the oil industry completely. For example, the use of cold fusion as an energy source would make the price of one barrel of oil less than $1.

Most, if not all the oil-rich countries today believe that there is no need to make the transition to clean energy because the world needs their oil, or at least, they can continue to power their economies using oil instead of clean energy. But the sad truth is that once an alternative clean energy sources have been identified, these oil rich nations would have no choice but to abandon their oil fields and move into the alternatives. One simple fact these nations need to consider is that in the foreseeable future, developed countries would boycott all products and services created and maintained using oil-powered factories instead of clean energy.

Currently, there are many clean energy sources that have been developed, tested, and used around the world. Some of these sources include solar energy, wind energy, water energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy, biomass and of course, nuclear (fission and fusion) energies. The use of any of those alternative energy sources does not release any carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and will maintain the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at acceptable ratio.

solar power plant in saudi arabia

The Transition to Clean Energy

For the rich-oil countries in the Middle East, the transition from oil-dependent economies to clean energy dependent economies requires three vital ingredients:

Education

People in the Middle East need to first be educated on contemporary environmental issues and why the transition from oil to clean energy source is a necessity at this time. If the average man on the Arab street doesn’t understand the imminent danger of climate change and how it is related to the use of oil, then the transition will be difficult, slow and costly. Educating people is the starting point.

Investment

The transition to clean energy will initially require a huge investment in a new infrastructure especially for clean energy. Such infrastructure may not be cheap to build from the ground up, but the return on investment (ROI) will be quite high at the end.

Time

Phasing out the oil-dependent economies completely takes time. The transition to clean energy will take many years before reaching the goal. However, a well-thought-out plan to make such a transition is possible provided that these countries are serious, willing, and able to make such a move. Starting with one step at a time will lead to the end goal, but someone must take the first step

Bottom Line

As energy consumption is directly related to climate change, energy conservation is also directly related to environmental issues. Though physics laws show the energy is conserved, yet the form of energy we use is not. Therefore, people around the world, especially in the Middle Eastern countries, need to be made aware of the importance of energy conservation. The Middle East countries in general, and GCC countries in particular, must start educating their citizens on energy, climate change, and environmental issues.

Integration of Renewable Energy and Agriculture for Sustainable Water–Food Systems

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The increasing pressure on water, energy, and food systems in arid and semi-arid regions has accelerated the search for integrated solutions capable of addressing these interconnected challenges. In the MENA region, where water scarcity is structural and climate change is intensifying hydrological variability, the convergence of renewable energy and agriculture has emerged as a strategic pathway toward sustainability. In particular, the coupling of renewable energy technologies with brackish water desalination offers a promising approach to support high-value crop production while minimizing environmental impacts and enhancing resource efficiency. This integrated paradigm aligns with the water–energy–food nexus framework, emphasizing synergies, co-benefits, and systemic optimization.

solar-powered irrigation

The Case for Renewables-Powered Desalination

Water scarcity remains the primary constraint on agricultural productivity in MENA, where a significant proportion of groundwater resources is brackish and unsuitable for direct irrigation without treatment. Conventional desalination technologies, while technically mature and effective, are highly energy-intensive and largely dependent on fossil fuels. This dependence translates into relatively moderate capital expenditures (CAPEX) at the installation stage but leads to significantly higher operational expenditures (OPEX) over time due to continuous fuel consumption, exposure to volatile energy markets, and increasing carbon-related costs.

In contrast, renewable energy-powered desalination systems, particularly those based on solar photovoltaics (PV), require higher upfront CAPEX due to investments in solar infrastructure, storage systems, and integration components. However, they benefit from near-zero fuel costs, resulting in substantially lower and more predictable OPEX over their lifetime.

This economic trade-off becomes particularly advantageous in the medium to long term. While fossil fuel-based desalination systems may appear cost-effective initially, their cumulative operational costs often exceed those of renewable-powered systems within a relatively short payback period. In high solar irradiance regions such as MENA, solar-powered desalination systems can achieve competitive or even lower levelized costs of water (LCOW), especially when long-term fuel price escalation and carbon pricing are considered [1,2]. Furthermore, renewable systems enhance energy security and reduce vulnerability to external shocks, making them particularly suitable for decentralized agricultural applications.

Solar-powered desalination systems provide an environmentally sustainable alternative by harnessing abundant local energy resources while significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This dual advantage-economic resilience and environmental sustainability positions renewable energy-driven desalination as a strategic solution for ensuring long-term water security in arid environments. Recent reviews highlight that such systems can substantially reduce the carbon footprint of water production while improving the sustainability and reliability of water supply systems [1].

Among desalination technologies, reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis reversal (EDR) are particularly suitable for brackish water applications due to their relatively low energy requirements compared to thermal processes. Studies have demonstrated that photovoltaic-powered RO systems can achieve high efficiency and cost-effectiveness, especially in regions with moderate salinity levels such as North Africa. Comparative analyses indicate that solar-powered RO systems are more economically viable in these contexts, while thermal desalination remains more suitable for high-salinity feed waters typical of Gulf countries [2].

Why Integration of Renewable Energy into Agriculture?

Beyond water production, the integration of renewable energy into agriculture generates multiple co-benefits across environmental, economic, and social dimensions. One of the most innovative approaches is agrivoltaics, which involves the co-location of solar panels and agricultural crops on the same land. This approach enhances land-use efficiency by enabling simultaneous energy and food production while creating favorable microclimatic conditions for crops. Partial shading from solar panels reduces evapotranspiration, conserves soil moisture, and can improve yields for certain high-value crops such as vegetables and fruits. In water-scarce environments, these effects contribute to significant water savings and increased resilience to heat stress.

When agrivoltaics is combined with solar-powered desalination, the resulting systems can produce both energy and irrigation water in a fully integrated manner. Solar panels generate electricity to operate desalination units, which convert brackish groundwater into irrigation-quality water. This closed-loop system enhances the autonomy of agricultural operations, particularly in remote or off-grid areas, and reduces reliance on external inputs. Moreover, the use of brackish water resources alleviates pressure on freshwater reserves, contributing to sustainable water management.

The co-benefits of such integrated systems extend to environmental sustainability through reduced greenhouse gas emissions and improved resource efficiency. Solar-powered desalination eliminates the need for fossil fuel-based energy, significantly lowering emissions associated with water production. In addition, the utilization of marginal lands and saline water resources for agriculture reduces land degradation and supports ecosystem restoration. Economically, the reduction in energy costs and the potential for decentralized operation improve the profitability of agricultural activities, particularly for high-value crops that require reliable water supply. Socially, these systems enhance rural livelihoods by creating employment opportunities, improving food security, and increasing resilience to climate shocks.

Examples from the MENA Region

Several successful examples from the MENA region illustrate the practical implementation of renewable energy–agriculture integration. In Egypt, solar-powered desalination systems have been deployed to treat brackish groundwater for irrigation in desert agriculture projects. A recent study demonstrated the technical feasibility and economic viability of solar-powered desalination for agricultural use, highlighting its potential to support sustainable farming in arid environments [3]. These systems have enabled the cultivation of high-value crops in desert areas while reducing dependence on diesel-powered water pumping.

In Algeria, research on photovoltaic-powered reverse osmosis systems has shown promising results for decentralized water supply in agriculture. A detailed feasibility study demonstrated the integration of PV systems with RO desalination to provide sustainable irrigation water, indicating favorable economic returns and reduced energy consumption [4]. This example underscores the relevance of such systems for national strategies aiming at enhancing water security and agricultural productivity.

In Jordan and the broader Levant region, integrated solar desalination projects have been developed to address water scarcity in agriculture. Comprehensive regional assessments emphasize the role of solar desalination technologies in supporting agriculture and water sustainability while highlighting the importance of hybrid system configurations [1].

In Palestine, solar PV-powered seawater reverse osmosis systems have been designed to enhance sustainability in water supply for agriculture. Case studies demonstrate the potential of solar PV systems to power desalination units efficiently, reducing operational costs and improving system reliability in resource-constrained environments [5].

Comparative analyses of different renewable energy–desalination configurations reveal important insights into system optimization. Photovoltaic-powered RO systems are currently the most mature and widely deployed technology due to their high efficiency and scalability. However, challenges such as membrane fouling, brine disposal, and intermittency of solar energy must be addressed. Hybrid systems that combine PV with thermal energy or energy storage solutions offer promising avenues to enhance reliability and performance. Reviews of hybrid solar desalination systems highlight their potential to achieve higher efficiency and operational flexibility under variable climatic conditions [6].

Emerging innovations in solar desalination further expand the potential of integrated renewable energy–agriculture systems. Advances in materials science and system design are improving the performance and cost-effectiveness of desalination technologies. Experimental studies on solar stills and interfacial evaporation technologies demonstrate the potential for low-cost, decentralized water production using renewable energy and locally available materials [7]. These innovations are particularly relevant for smallholder farmers and rural communities.

Despite the significant potential of integrated renewable energy and agriculture systems, several challenges remain. Technical challenges include improving system reliability, reducing maintenance requirements, and managing brine disposal in an environmentally sustainable manner. Economic barriers, such as high initial investment costs and limited access to financing, can hinder adoption. Policy and regulatory frameworks must evolve to support decentralized renewable energy and water systems, while capacity building and knowledge transfer are essential for scaling up these solutions.

Bottom Line

The integration of renewable energy and agriculture through brackish water desalination represents a transformative approach to addressing the water–energy–food nexus in the MENA region. By leveraging abundant solar resources, these systems can provide sustainable and cost-effective solutions for irrigation, enabling the production of high-value crops in water-scarce environments.

The co-benefits extend across environmental, economic, and social dimensions, contributing to climate mitigation, resource efficiency, and rural development. Successful examples from Egypt, Algeria, Jordan, and Palestine demonstrate the feasibility and potential of these approaches, while ongoing research continues to enhance their performance and scalability.

References

[1] Al-Addous, M.; Bdour, M.; Rabaiah, S.; Boubakri, A.; Schweimanns, N.; Barbana, N.; Wellmann, J. Innovations in Solar-Powered Desalination: A Comprehensive Review of Sustainable Solutions for Water Scarcity in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region. Water 2024, 16(13), 1877.

[2] Al-Obaidi, M.A.; Zubo, R.H.A.; Rashid, F.L.; Dakkama, H.J.; Abd-Alhameed, R.; Mujtaba, I.M. Evaluation of Solar Energy Powered Seawater Desalination Processes: A Review. Energies 2022, 15(18), 6562.

[3] Dawoud, M.A.; Sallam, G.R.; Abdelrahman, M.A.; Emam, M. The Performance and Feasibility of Solar-Powered Desalination for Brackish Groundwater in Egypt. Sustainability 2024, 16, 1630.

[4] Tigrine, Z.; Aburideh, H.; Zioui, D.; Hout, S.; Sahraoui, N.; Benchoubane, Y.; Izem, A.; Tassalit, D.; Yahiaoui, F.Z.; Khateb, M.; Drouiche, N.; Lebouachera, S.E.I. Feasibility Study of a Reverse Osmosis Desalination Unit Powered by Photovoltaic Panels for a Sustainable Water Supply in Algeria. Sustainability 2023, 15, 14189.

[5] Mizyed, A. Solar PV System Design for Enhancing Sustainability in SWRO Desalination: The Deir El-Balah Case Study. New Energy Exploitation and Application 2025, 4(2), 251–262.

[6] Alghassab, M.A. A Review of Hybrid Solar Desalination Systems: Structure and Performance. Water Science and Technology 2024, 89(5), 1357–1381.

[7] Yusop, A.M.; Zakaria, M.H.; Mohd Sofi, M.N.A.; Sulaiman, N.A.; Yunus, S.A.M.J.; Mohamed, R. Eco-Friendly Desalination: Improving Evaporation Rates in a Solar Still Using Agricultural Waste Materials. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources 2025.

Post-Coronavirus World: Human Development Re-defined

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The coronavirus pandemic has rejuvenated human traits and values from various angles. Self-care, life balance, personal development, helping others, and considering the environment are just a few of many values and principles that are boiling down these days.

Let’s take environmental values as an example with the several statements issued lately about the potential impact of COVID-19 on some of the hot green issues of today, Climate Change and Biodiversity. A few questions come to mind – though I don’t claim to know the answers for: is COVID-19 becoming the nature’s savior from air pollution and GHG emissions? Have we – humans – brought in Coronavirus by disrupting the ecosystems? Are there any lessons from the Coronavirus era that can guide human development in its new form?

The Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Inger Andersen, said that humanity is placing too many pressures on the natural world with damaging consequences, and warned that failing to take care of the planet meant not taking care of ourselves. She also highlighted that never before have so many opportunities existed for pathogens to pass from wild and domestic animals to people, noting that 75% of all emerging infectious diseases come from wildlife. Within the same context, climate scientists urged nations to act now and prepare for a risky future of extreme climate change consequences.

Let’s try to imagine the world post COVID-19, regardless of when that is going to be. Economies and financial institutions are already doing the math, and the picture doesn’t look good. The IMF recognized that the coronavirus crisis will plunge the world economy into recession, and the World Bank and IFC’s Boards of Directors approved an increased $14 billion package of fast-track financing to assist companies and countries in their efforts to prevent, detect and respond to the rapid spread of COVID-19.

Countries are taking drastic economic relief measures during the crisis and would be in severe need for more aggressive economic recovery plans after this is all over. People, like us Jordanians – who have been put as a top priority by our leadership and government during the crisis; are keen to return this back through engaging in local economic development projects and enterprises.

A new set of questions arise: how would emerging economies survive another recession? How logical would it be to go back to reports and studies from the pre-Coronavirus era to plan for the future? Would human development, job creation and social security still mean the same as they do now? And, should the world expect another crisis due to the ignorance and/or lack of action by decision-makers?

Climate change and biodegradation might not be the most appealing headlines to many, nowadays. Nevertheless, no one would deny that the past couple of years were not easy on people and governments. Buildings, infrastructure, basic services and people’s health and safety; were not at their best. The direct and indirect impact of climate change on economies and communities is becoming more visible, while action is not as visible despite the relatively increased attention in some regions.

In Jordan, for example, we lost lives, and many are suffering the consequences of floods and droughts. Such impacts are magnified by the increased population (hosted refugees), unemployment and the challenging water and energy supplies. We have taken serious steps to strengthen clean energy penetration but with huge dependence on across-borders collaboration.

One more set of questions comes up: would the global transition towards clean energy be hindered by Coronavirus crisis? Would the Paris Agreement targets need to be adjusted to reflect further delay in action? Could climate financing and green economy form a feasible solution to recover the suffering economies and create more humane economic development plans?

Three possible takeaways from Coronavirus experience – the first is that yes, the world smells, looks, and feels more clean, which means a few measures can make a difference when it comes to the environment; the second takeaway is that it might be too late to intervene once the impact has arrived; and last but not least, one should realize that challenges will continue to become more complex and interrelated so, we cannot stop acting on a problem just because another one has just emerged. Delaying action on any human development challenge is a recipe for crisis.

Unconventional challenges should inspire unconventional solutions. Scientists from all disciplines are called upon today as the most knowledgeable and credible to not only analyze and solve today’s problems; but more importantly to anticipate the future with all its complexity, and to guide our human development plans towards a more livable planet.

World Water Day 2026: Celebrate Water and its Richness for Humanity

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World Water Day is celebrated and recognised on the 22rd March each year. This year is no different. The United Nations chose to connect and celebrate World Water Day 2026 in the context of equality, namely gender equality with a focus on women.

Let us manage water with equality. We appreciate that where there is water, plants grow, communities can grow, animals and humans can survive and prosper. But the question is whether there is equality where there is water. A great thought to ponder from many different perspectives.

world water day

A simple yet critical question is multifaceted. Is there water? Is the water clean? Is the water safe to drink? Is there enough water? Who has access to the water? Do animals walk through, even urinate in it? Is the water close to the village, their dwelling, the agricultural fields, to industry, to urban expansion. And the questions never cease.

Water is an essential, a critical element all across the globe. But there is not necessarily equality in the distribution or use of the water. And this leads to gender inequality as well.  If there is water at a distance, if water is unclean, if there is poor sanitation in the village or rural area, and even in poorer urban dwellings, there can be inequality. Where these inequalities exist and even flourish, the burden often falls on the women and girls. They carry the burden associated with access to the water resource.

You might wonder what is it that is referred to as water inequality. Women collect water. Women may walk many kilometers to fetch water. Women carry the water often using their head muscles. So women manage the water situation.

The water may be unclean and so is unsafe to drink or even cook with. The women care for the sick members in their family, and within their community. They care for people made sick by unsafe water. While carrying out these extra tasks of caring for the sick, they use their precious energy and time. They are also exposed to the same illnesses. They are prevented of opportunities to work in other capacities.

As well as these domestic challenges, the women are not part of the decision making process regarding where to retrieve water  from, how to retrieve the water. Age-old practices determine the process in many cases. If there are funding agencies or projects aiding and assisting with retrieving water, women are not included in the negotiations. The women do not hold any leadership or position of authority in many instances. Without engaging women and their input and experiences with water, any water issues and concerns, also become women’s issues and concerns. But with no voice.

There is a desperate need to engage the water bearers. Let them have a voice in water management projects. This often means a change in societal processes and procedures. But the voice of women needs to be heard. Since they are the dominate water fetcher, they need to be involved in the processes of planning and designing water facilities. And this is necessary at all levels from village demands, farming practices, crop irrigation, personal hygiene demands into higher level situations with hydro-engineers and irrigation management, etc.

water management and circular economy

As life continues to become more complex even threatening due to changes in climate, increasing natural disasters, there is need, even urgent need for persons to have a greater engagement and responsibility for the use, protection and preservation of natural resources, and especially water resources. There is an even greater demand for resilience and beast practice at all levels of society. This needs to involve all members of the community regardless of their age or gender.

The concept of sustainability and survival is better achieved by ensuring gender equalities in all matters that concern human survival in what is becoming an even harsher environment than ever before. There is need to focus on all creatures to ensure the benefit of all are met through the benefits for all, anywhere on the planet.

Three points worth keeping in mind is that the global water crisis affects everyone, but not equally. Women can be effectively engaged in shaping and managing water and its associated services. And by working fairly and effectively, it is feasible for equality to grow and flourish as water flows to all corners of the globe meeting the needs of all.

Mangroves in Qatar: Perspectives

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Mangroves are trees and shrubs that have adapted to life in a saltwater environment, usually found in the intertidal zone of a coastal or estuarine area. The halophyte characteristics of a mangrove tree allows it to grow in saline environments where no other tree can, thereby making significant contributions to the local ecosystem. Yet these reservoirs of “blue carbon” are seriously threatened. Across the globe, coastal ecosystems are currently being lost at a rate of about 2% a year – a staggering number when the carbon storage potential is considered.

mangroves-qatar-wakra

In a harsh desert environment such as Qatar, mangroves are one of the few ecosystems able to sustain life during the hot summer months. In recent years, Qatar government has been more focused on protecting these areas than the past, however 70% of the country’s mangroves have already been lost.

Introduction to Mangroves

Being at the beginning of the marine food chain, mangroves are therefore instrumental to a thriving marine habitat. The mangroves extensive root system provides an area of natural protection for fish and other marine nurseries and play an important role in protecting the coastline from the erosive effects of waves and storms. By filtering sediments, the forests also protect coral reefs and seagrass from being flooded by sediment.

Mangroves can store 5 times more carbon per square metre than tropical or boreal forests and when these areas are destroyed, the carbon is released back into the atmosphere where it contributes to global climate change.

Mangroves in Qatar

Qatar is home to the Avicennia marina species; it is known as the grey or white mangrove trees, with the largest eight forests located in the east coast of the country. The oldest and largest mangroves can be found at Al Thakira and Al Khor. Although the government have starting a replanting project around the country, the mangrove lake at Al Wakra was recently uprooted for development. In a country where the harsh desert conditions limit the vegetation growth, mangroves in Qatar provide a haven for birds, fish and mammals.

Recent studies have shown that Avicennia Marina populations have the ability to adapt to the varying weather along the Qatar coastline through the evolution of genetic variations in the different mangrove forests.

Carbon Sequestration

The coastal ecosystems of mangroves mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it within the biomass of the plant and roots, and in the soils below. This ability to predominantly store carbon in the soils of coastal ecosystems, ensures the carbon is stored for a very long time, up to millennia.

It is estimated that mangroves sequester up to 25.5 million tonnes of carbon per year and provide 10% of the essential dissolved carbon supplied into the world’s oceans.

Mangrove Depletion

Despite increasing awareness regarding the benefits and carbon storing potential of mangroves, their destruction continues globally due to both economic and political motives. Even in countries like Qatar, where mangroves forests are protected by law, a lack of enforcement coupled with an incentive to reclaim land can result in forest destruction. Another cause of mangrove destruction is pollution by solid waste such as plastics and glass.

When these mangrove forests are degraded, lost or converted to other land uses, the stored carbon in the soils are exposed and released into the atmosphere or ocean as CO2. On a global scale, this is currently resulting as 0.15 – 1.02 billion tons of CO2 released annually. The combined global area of mangroves, tidal marshes and seagrass meadows equates to only 2-6% of the total forest area. However, degradation of these systems can account for 3-19% of the global carbon emissions from deforestation.

UAE mangrove conservation

Conservation of Mangroves

Legislation needs to be enacted on a global scale to protect mangroves from direct human damage. Such legislation must be enforced by local government to ensure mangroves are not removed, and the use of herbicides or other chemicals near mangrove forests are banned. Local communities need to be educated to understand the importance of these costal ecosystems, and the effects of their degradation.

The rapid development in Qatar has been encroaching on the mangrove populations along the coastline. Qatar is gradually increasing the level of protection of the country’s mangroves, with 40% of the country’s coastline now protected. Organisations such as Conservation International have begun mapping out the mangroves locations and data in Qatar and around the globe in order to assess the population distribution and threatened areas. With further enforcement and data tools, the mangrove forests of Qatar can be restored, and continue to provide immense benefits to this harsh desert environment.

From Climate Commitments to National Pathways: Why NDCs Must Evolve

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When the Paris Agreement was adopted in 2015 under the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), it marked a major turning point in global climate governance. For the first time, climate action was anchored in a universal yet differentiated mechanism, grounded in national realities: Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). The Agreement stipulates that each Party shall prepare, communicate, and maintain successive contributions that represent a progression beyond the previous one and reflect the highest possible level of ambition [1].

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)

Contrary to a still widespread perception, NDCs were never designed as fixed commitments. They constitute an evolving process, structured around a five-year revision cycle and the Global Stocktake mechanism, which assesses collective progress toward long-term climate goals [2]. This architecture acknowledges a fundamental reality: climate science advances, impacts intensify, and national capacities evolve, making the regular updating of climate policies indispensable.

The first generation of contributions, commonly referred to as NDC 1, played a catalytic role. In many countries, particularly in the developing world, the primary objective was to institutionalize climate action, establish governance frameworks, and consolidate data that had previously been fragmented. These initial NDCs were generally cautious, sometimes conditional on international support, and strongly constrained by economic and social realities. The UNFCCC explicitly recognizes this incremental nature, emphasizing that early contributions were intended above all to trigger a dynamic of action [3].

Algeria clearly illustrates this initial phase. Its first NDC, submitted in 2015, committed the country to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 7% by 2030 without external support, and up to 22% conditional on international financial and technological assistance [4]. This contribution reflected both the country’s structural dependence on hydrocarbons and its willingness to integrate climate considerations into national public policies. It helped initiate intersectoral dialogue and lay the foundations for climate governance, without yet constituting a pathway for deep structural transformation.

It is precisely to overcome these limitations that the progression of NDCs lies at the heart of the Paris Agreement. The second generation of contributions, or NDC 2, corresponds to a phase of learning and consolidation. At this stage, countries are expected to draw lessons from initial implementation, improve data quality, strengthen measurement, reporting, and verification systems, and more closely integrate climate commitments into sectoral policies. The UNFCCC stresses that updated NDCs should not only raise the level of ambition but also enhance the clarity, transparency, and understanding of commitments [5].

In the MENA region, this stage is particularly strategic. Climate vulnerabilities, water stress, rising temperatures, desertification, and coastal risks, require an integrated approach linking climate, energy, water, and development. Several countries in the region have used their second-generation NDCs to strengthen targets for renewable energy, energy efficiency, and adaptation, while improving coherence between climate policies and national development strategies [6].

For Algeria, a strengthened second-generation NDC represents a major strategic opportunity. Climate projections point to worsening droughts and increased pressure on water resources, with direct impacts on agriculture, cities, and food security [7]. In this context, the NDC can become a genuine national planning tool, articulating energy transition, water efficiency, territorial adaptation, and economic diversification. It also sends a critical signal for access to international climate finance, which increasingly prioritizes progressive and credible policy frameworks.

The third generation of contributions, often referred to as NDC 3, corresponds to a phase of political maturity. Recent reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) show that current commitments, even if fully implemented, remain insufficient to keep warming well below 2°C, let alone 1.5°C [8]. The first Global Stocktake under the Paris Agreement confirms the existence of a significant ambition gap between current national trajectories and collective objectives [2].

An NDC 3 therefore goes beyond a purely quantitative increase in emission reduction targets. It is characterized by stronger integration of adaptation, explicit alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals, consideration of social and territorial dimensions, and clearer articulation of financial needs and implementation conditions. It transforms climate commitment into a lever for structural transformation rather than an external constraint.

At the regional level, trajectories remain uneven. Some MENA countries have already undertaken ambitious revisions of their NDCs, integrating clear energy strategies and structured adaptation frameworks. Others, including Algeria, still have significant potential to raise ambition, reflecting differences in institutional capacity and strategic priorities [9].

The urgency of strengthening NDCs is no longer abstract. Climate change impacts are already manifesting through increased frequency and intensity of extreme events, growing pressure on natural resources, and rising economic risks. In this context, maintaining outdated contributions amounts to planning the future on the basis of obsolete scenarios. Conversely, the continuous progression of NDCs makes it possible to anticipate risks, reduce the costs of inaction, and seize the opportunities offered by the climate transition.

Ultimately, the transition from NDC 1 to NDC 2 and then to NDC 3 embodies the very essence of the climate governance model established by the UNFCCC. It is neither an admission of failure nor a bureaucratic requirement, but a mechanism of collective learning and rising ambition. For Algeria and the MENA region as a whole, this dynamic offers a unique strategic opportunity to transform climate urgency into a sustainable development project grounded in resilience, resource sovereignty, and a long-term vision tailored to regional realities.

References

[1] UNFCCC (2015). Paris Agreement.Convention-cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement

[2] UNFCCC (2023). Global Stocktake – Synthesis Report.First Global Stocktake under the Paris Agreement (COP28). https://unfccc.int/topics/global-stocktake

[3] UNFCCC (2016). Synthesis Report on the Aggregate Effect of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions.UNFCCC Secretariat. https://unfccc.int/documents/58921

[4] Gouvernement algérien (2015). Contribution déterminée au niveau national de l’Algérie (INDC/NDC).Soumise à l’UNFCCC.https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Algeria%20First/Algeria-INDC.pdf

[5] UNFCCC (2021). Guidance on Updating and Enhancing Nationally Determined Contributions.Decision 1/CMA.3. https://unfccc.int/documents/460951

[6] UNDP (2022). Climate Promise: NDC Enhancement in the Arab States.United Nations Development Programme.

[7] GIEC / IPCC (2022). Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), Working Group II – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/

[8] GIEC / IPCC (2023). AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2023.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/

[9] Climate Transparency (2023). Climate Governance and NDCs in the MENA Region.
Climate Transparency Initiative. https://www.climate-transparency.org/resources

Food Waste and the Spirit of Ramadan

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In recent years, enormous generation of food waste during the holy month of Ramadan has been a matter of big debate in Muslim countries and elsewhere. As per conservative estimates, around one-fifth of the food purchased or prepared during Ramadan finds its way to garbage bins or landfills. This translates into thousands of tons of precious food which could have been used for feeding tens of millions of hungry people in impoverished countries of Asia, Africa and elsewhere. The staggering amount of food waste generation during Ramadan urgently demands a strong strategy for its minimization, sustainable utilization and eco-friendly disposal.

food-waste-ramadan-muslims

Gravity of the Situation

Middle East nations are acknowledged as being the world’s top food wasters, and during Ramadan the situation takes a turn for the worse. The holy city of Makkah witnessed the generation of 5,000 tons of food residuals during the first three days of Ramadan in 2014.

In 2016, around 1803 tons of food waste was produced in Abu Dhabi every day during the holy month of Ramadan. In Bahrain, food waste generation in Bahrain exceeds 400 tons per day during the holy month. Same is the case with Qatar where almost half of the food prepared during Ramadan finds its way into garbage bins.

The scenario in less-affluent Muslim countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, Egypt and Pakistan is not different. According to Malaysia’s government agency Solid Waste And Public Cleansing Management Corporation, more than 270,000 tons of food in thrown into garbage bins during Ramadan.

Needless to say, the amount of food waste generated in Ramadan is significantly higher than other months, as much as 25%. There is a chronic inclination of Muslims towards over-indulgence and lavishness in the holy month, even though the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) asked Muslims to adopt moderation in all walks of life.

Socio-cultural attitudes and lavish lifestyles also play a major role in more food waste generation in Ramadan in almost all Muslim countries. High-income groups usually generate more food waste per capita when compared to less-affluent groups. In Muslim countries, hotels and restaurants are a big contributor of food wastes during Ramadan due to super-lavish buffets and extravagant Iftar parties.

The Way Forward

The foremost steps to reduce food wastage in Ramadan are behavioral change, increased public awareness, strong legislation, creation of food banks and community participation. Effective laws and mass sensitization campaigns are required to persuade the people to adopt waste minimization practices and implement sustainable lifestyles.

food-waste-ramadan

Super-lavish buffets and extravagant Iftar parties are big contributors of food waste in Ramadan

Establishment of food banks in residential as well as commercial areas can be a very good way to utilize surplus food in a humane and ethical manner. Infact, food banks in countries like Egypt, India and Pakistan have been operating successfully, however there is a real need to have such initiatives on a mass-scale to tackle the menace of food waste.

Dubai has laid down new guidelines to cut food wastage and streamline the donation of excess food prepared at banquets and buffets. The “Heafz Al Na’amah” is a notable initiative to ensure that surplus food from hotels, Iftar parties and households is not wasted and reach the needy in safe and hygienic conditions. In Qatar, Wa’hab is helping in sustainable utilization of leftover food but supplying it to the needy ones.

During Ramadan 2015, Dubai Municipality launched an initiative called ‘Smart Homes,’ which will continue this year. The initiative encourages Dubai residents to reduce waste during the holy month. Smart Homes is a waste gathering technique in electronic containers that measures the amount of waste produced by each home. The initiative mainly targets residential areas dominated by Emirati residents due to their large family gatherings,” he said. Homes that produce the least amount of waste during the holy month are rewarded with cash prizes and certificates that encourage them to reduce waste.

In addition to such initiatives, religious scholars and prayer-leaders can play a vital role in motivating Muslims to follow Islamic principles of sustainability, as mentioned in the Holy Quran and Hadith. The best way to reduce food waste during Ramadan is to feel solidarity towards millions and millions of people around the world who face enormous hardships in having a single meal each day.

Benefits of Rotational Grazing + Creating A Herd Migration In Your Farm Pasture

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Rotational grazing is a concept that has similar benefits to rotating farm crops. When an area is constantly sucked of its nutrients, it can have a harder time naturally restoring itself. The same can be said for grazing fields. However, livestock prefer eating premature new crops instead of grazing in areas that haven’t been touched.

That’s why rotational grazing and creating a herd migration in your farm pasture is a great idea. Free range is still a concept, but you may notice that the landscape has continued to change in pastures.

benefits of rotational grazing

When you drive by a farm now and see tons of fences, this is likely to create herd migration. Farmers are taking advantage of the benefits. Here is why you should too.

Benefits of Rotational Grazing

Training cattle to graze is not usually an immediate thought. But the benefits are similar if you train a pet. A healthier lifestyle makes for a healthier pasture. The cattle are typically moved when two to three inches are left. Then they can move on to the next pasture, which should be around six to eight inches.

1. Fresh Food

Having healthy cattle is the priority for any farmer. When you use herd migration tactics, you are constantly moving them to fresh grass. In turn, the cattle will eat grass with the most nutrients, as opposed to an area that is overused and struggling to come back.

The cycle by which an area is grazed depends on the farmer. Some producers prefer for a cycle to last seven days. Others may go every few hours. The latter requires a lot more dedication and nurturing. There will be more soil turnover and watering with quicker cycles which is unideal. Sometimes a quick turnaround can defeat the “green impact.”

2. Environmentally Friendly

A farmer who does rotational grazing right is a farmer who is more environmentally friendly. The earth needs its time to run through its own cycles. Longer rotational grazing cycles can allow that part of the earth to recover naturally.

This is something where technology has also played a heavy role in recent farming strategies. Climates that are unpredictable may not always allow for soil recovery. However, new trends such as food technology and hydroponics offer different solutions. Fencing is not all that different.

When farmers need more water, soil, and other materials to turn the area over quicker, they use more resources. This is less efficient. Keeping your land sustainable is a big part of reducing costs and keeping the cattle healthy.

3. Group Meals

When no fences are in place to help control the migration, cattle can roam wherever. The results lead to difficulty maintaining the land. There are likely to be splotches of overused land while others go untouched. When herds graze together, the likelihood of erosion is much less.

It also allows you to collect more grass because of the abundance you’ll receive from having healthy pastures. With a decent stockpile, you can cut costs by not having to buy more hay.  A double benefit as it comes back to sustainability and cost efficiency.

Erosion can also have an impact on crops. Some land is used for crop rotation and later for grazing to let it recover. Erosion and weeds don’t allow for the area to be easily manicured back to a crop-ready zone. Soil with correct pH levels is key and not always easy to cultivate.

4. Healthy Habits

Cattle in a controlled environment struggle less with portion eating than those who roam free. The fertility of the cattle, regardless of whether it be for dairy or beef, is important. The healthier the cattle are, the better chance for a longer life. This is more profitable for farmers as the longevity of the animal impacts product and sales.

Interestingly enough, cattle who are confined can develop unhealthy feet and legs. This is one of the leading causes of poor longevity in cattle. When they move on a schedule and get exercise, they end up much healthier and happier.

It’s also important for today’s consumers to shop for ethically sourced products. The movement for no animal cruelty has continued to progress. Ensuring that your cattle are happy and healthy is important for humanitarian reasons as well as from a sales point of view.

rotational grazing

5. Easier Tracking

When the cattle eat together, it is easier to monitor the pastures and, more importantly, watch the cows’ health. Weight management is one of the most significant factors to keep track of. Understanding the cows’ weight allows the farmer to add more pasture sections or subtract them.

6. Implementing A System

The first step in rotational grazing is understanding why herd migration positively impacts a pasture. The benefits range from environmentally friendly effects such as using fewer resources and allowing the land to heal naturally. The farmer also has economic benefits, like spending less on resources. And most importantly, the health of the cattle improves with herd migration. Find out more about Sustainable Cattle Farming: Is It Possible?

Finding the right fences and system for the pasture is another story. Technology today has allowed farmers to approach traditional farming with new concepts. Using fencing with migrational herding may be an old trick, but it’s making the rounds. Combining this with new sustainable farming methods such as hydroponics allow room for error in bad crop seasons.

When the cows are healthy, so are the products. Ethically sourced beef and dairy products are at the top of most consumers today. This method plays a huge role in providing that.

When Water Becomes a Strategic Weapon – Desalination Dependency, Geopolitics and Future of Water Security in the MENA

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Abstract

Water scarcity is increasingly recognized as one of the most critical systemic risks of the 21st century. Nowhere is this challenge more evident than in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), the most water-stressed region in the world. In response to structural freshwater scarcity, several Gulf countries have developed extensive desalination infrastructures that now supply the majority of their drinking water. While desalination has enabled rapid urban and economic development in extremely arid environments, it has also introduced new strategic vulnerabilities by linking water security to energy infrastructure, maritime transport routes and geopolitical stability.

This article analyzes the evolving geopolitics of water security in the MENA region by examining global patterns of water stress, the structural dependence of Gulf countries on desalination technologies, and the strategic importance of maritime chokepoints such as the Strait of Hormuz. The study highlights how modern water systems are increasingly embedded within the water–energy–food nexus and how disruptions to energy supply or maritime security could rapidly compromise water availability in desalination-dependent societies.

Beyond the technological dimension, the article explores the emerging role of water infrastructure as a strategic asset in modern conflicts. In regions characterized by extreme water scarcity, dams, pipelines and desalination plants represent critical infrastructure whose disruption could have immediate humanitarian and geopolitical consequences.

Finally, the paper discusses strategic solutions to enhance water security, including artificial aquifer recharge systems, regional water interconnections and diversification of water resources. The analysis argues that water security must now be understood not only as an environmental or technological challenge but as a central geopolitical issue shaping regional stability in the 21st century. In this emerging context, water may become as strategically important as oil once was, underscoring the urgent need to protect critical water infrastructure and strengthen international cooperation in water governance.

water as a weapon

Water in the Age of Geopolitical Competition

Water security is increasingly recognized as one of the defining challenges of the 21st century. Once considered primarily an environmental or technical issue, water scarcity now intersects with economic development, food security, energy infrastructure and geopolitical stability [1,2].

Recent global assessments indicate that approximately one quarter of the global population lives under extremely high water stress, meaning that more than 80 % of available freshwater resources are withdrawn each year [1]. The situation is particularly critical in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, where water scarcity is structural rather than temporary [2].

Climate change is expected to intensify these pressures. Rising temperatures and declining precipitation will reduce groundwater recharge and increase evaporation, particularly in arid regions [3]. In response, several countries have turned to technological solutions such as seawater desalination [4].

However, while desalination addresses the physical scarcity of water, it also introduces new strategic vulnerabilities linked to energy infrastructure and geopolitical stability [5].

Global Geography of Water Stress

Water scarcity is unevenly distributed across the world. Hydrological assessments consistently show that the highest levels of water stress occur in the Middle East, North Africa and parts of South Asia [1].

water stress in the world

Figure 1 illustrates the concentration of extreme water scarcity in the MENA region, where 83 % of the population lives under extremely high water stress [1].

This situation results from a combination of structural factors including low precipitation, high evaporation rates and growing water demand.

This situation results from several structural factors including:

  • low precipitation
  • high evaporation rates
  • rapid population growth
  • increasing agricultural water demand [4].

Water Stress, Desalination Dependency and the Strait of Hormuz

The Middle East and North Africa region represents the most severe case of structural water scarcity in the world. According to global hydrological assessments, most countries in the region withdraw more than 80 % of their available renewable freshwater resources annually, placing them among the most water-stressed nations on the planet [1].

Figure 1 illustrates the global distribution of water stress and highlights the concentration of extreme water scarcity across the Middle East and North Africa. Countries such as Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia rank among the most water-stressed states globally due to extremely limited renewable water resources and rapidly increasing demand.

In response to this structural scarcity, several Gulf countries have developed large-scale desalination systems to ensure reliable water supply for urban populations. Today, desalination represents the primary source of drinking water in several states. For instance, desalinated water provides approximately 90 % of Kuwait’s drinking water, 86 % in Oman and nearly 70 % in Saudi Arabia [6].

The Gulf region now hosts nearly half of the world’s desalination capacity, making it the global epicenter of industrial freshwater production [6]. This technological infrastructure has enabled the development of major urban centers such as Riyadh, Dubai, Doha and Kuwait City in environments where natural freshwater resources are almost nonexistent.

However, this technological solution has also created a new form of strategic dependency. Desalination plants require large amounts of energy and are typically located along coastal areas where seawater can be easily accessed. As a result, water supply systems in the Gulf have become deeply interconnected with energy infrastructure and maritime transport routes.

This interdependence forms what is commonly referred to as the water–energy nexus, in which water production depends directly on energy supply systems [7].

One of the most critical geopolitical dimensions of this nexus is the strategic importance of the Strait of Hormuz. This narrow maritime corridor connects the Persian Gulf to global shipping routes and represents one of the most important chokepoints in international trade. Approximately 20 % of global oil exports pass through the Strait of Hormuz, making it a vital corridor for global energy markets [10].

Because desalination plants rely heavily on electricity generated from fossil fuels and imported industrial components, disruptions to maritime transport through the Strait of Hormuz could indirectly affect water production across the Gulf region.

In a scenario of geopolitical escalation, maritime blockades, cyber-attacks or military strikes targeting energy infrastructure could compromise desalination operations. Since desalination plants supply the majority of drinking water in several Gulf countries, such disruptions could rapidly create severe water shortages in major urban areas.

This situation illustrates a profound transformation in the geopolitics of water. In contrast to traditional water systems based on rivers or aquifers, modern water supply systems in the Gulf depend on industrial infrastructure that is highly centralized and strategically exposed.

As a result, desalination plants, pipelines and pumping stations have become critical national infrastructure whose protection is increasingly integrated into national security strategies.

Strategic Solutions for Water Security: Resilience and Infrastructure Protection

Given the vulnerabilities associated with desalination dependency, strengthening water security in the Middle East requires a set of strategic measures designed to increase the resilience of water systems.

Strategic Water Storage Systems

One of the most effective solutions involves the development of strategic water storage systems capable of supplying cities in the event of disruptions to desalination plants.

Traditional water supply systems rely on reservoirs and natural aquifers as buffer mechanisms. However, desalination-dependent systems often lack large storage capacities. As a result, many Gulf cities would face severe water shortages within days if desalination plants were to stop operating.

To address this vulnerability, several countries have begun developing Artificial Aquifer Recharge (AAR) systems. In these projects, desalinated water is injected into underground aquifers to create strategic reserves that can be used during emergencies.

The United Arab Emirates, for example, has developed large underground storage systems capable of storing hundreds of millions of cubic meters of desalinated water [12]. These underground reserves function as strategic water buffers that can supply urban populations for several weeks if desalination plants are disrupted. Such systems represent an important step toward strengthening the resilience of water supply infrastructure.

Regional Water Interconnections

Another strategic approach involves the development of regional water interconnection networks. Just as electricity grids allow countries to exchange power during peak demand or system failures, interconnected water systems could allow neighboring states to provide emergency water supplies when one country’s infrastructure is compromised.

Regional water interconnections could enable:

  • emergency water transfers between countries
  • shared desalination capacity
  • greater flexibility in water distribution
  • improved regional water security.

While such systems are still limited in the Middle East, they already exist in other regions of the world. Several European countries operate transboundary water networks that allow cooperative water management and emergency support during infrastructure failures [13].

Developing similar networks in the Middle East could significantly enhance regional resilience and reduce the risks associated with centralized desalination systems.

Diversification of Water Sources

Reducing dependence on desalination also requires diversification of water resources. Several complementary strategies can strengthen long-term water security, including:

Wastewater reuse is particularly promising in arid regions, where treated wastewater can be used for agricultural irrigation and industrial applications. This approach reduces pressure on freshwater resources and improves overall water system resilience [14].

Water as a Strategic Weapon in Modern Conflicts

Throughout history, control over natural resources has played a decisive role in shaping geopolitical conflicts. During the 20th century, oil emerged as the dominant strategic resource, driving economic development and influencing global power dynamics. In the 21st century, however, growing water scarcity suggests that freshwater resources may become an equally critical geopolitical factor.

In regions affected by structural water scarcity, water infrastructure is increasingly becoming a strategic asset that can influence political stability and military strategy. Rivers, dams, pipelines and desalination plants represent critical infrastructure whose disruption could have immediate humanitarian and economic consequences.

The Middle East offers several examples illustrating how water resources can become entangled with geopolitical tensions. Transboundary rivers such as the Tigris, Euphrates and Jordan have long been at the center of regional political negotiations and disputes over water allocation. Control over upstream dams and reservoirs can influence water availability downstream, giving upstream states significant geopolitical leverage.

Similarly, water infrastructure has increasingly been targeted or strategically used during conflicts. In recent years, armed groups and military actors have repeatedly targeted dams, pumping stations and water treatment plants in conflict zones. Such actions demonstrate how water systems can be weaponized to exert pressure on civilian populations and governments.

In the Gulf region, the strategic importance of desalination plants adds a new dimension to this phenomenon. Unlike traditional water management systems based on rivers or groundwater, Gulf cities depend heavily on centralized desalination infrastructure located along coastal areas. This concentration creates potential vulnerabilities in the event of military escalation or geopolitical confrontation.

If desalination facilities were disrupted, major cities could experience severe water shortages within a short period of time. Because these systems often operate with limited freshwater storage capacity, even temporary disruptions could quickly affect millions of people.

In this context, water infrastructure has become a critical component of national security strategies. Protecting desalination plants, pipelines and pumping stations is now considered as essential as protecting energy infrastructure.

The increasing vulnerability of water systems highlights the broader geopolitical implications of water scarcity. Water shortages can destabilize economies, trigger migration and exacerbate social tensions. As a result, water scarcity often acts as a risk multiplier, amplifying existing political and economic conflicts.

However, water resources can also serve as a catalyst for cooperation rather than conflict. Several international river basins are managed through cooperative agreements that promote shared water governance and conflict prevention. Strengthening such cooperative frameworks will be essential in addressing future water security challenges.

Ultimately, the geopolitics of water in the 21st century will likely be shaped by a delicate balance between competition and cooperation. In an increasingly water-scarce world, ensuring the protection of critical water infrastructure and promoting transboundary water governance will be key to maintaining regional stability.

The emerging reality is that water is no longer simply an environmental resource. In many regions of the world, it is becoming a strategic instrument of power capable of shaping geopolitical dynamics and influencing the balance of security between states.

Future Water Stress and Climate Change

Climate change and population growth are expected to intensify water scarcity significantly in the coming decades.

water stress

Projections suggest that more than 5 billion people could live under water stress conditions by 2050 [3]. The regions expected to be most affected include the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia.

Middle East vs North Africa: Two Water Security Models

Although both regions face severe water scarcity, their strategies differ.

Middle East: Gulf countries rely primarily on technological solutions such as large-scale desalination plants.

North Africa: Countries such as Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia rely more on diversified water management strategies including dams, groundwater extraction and irrigation systems.

However, climate change may push North African countries toward greater reliance on desalination in the future.

The Water-Energy-Food Nexus

Water security is closely interconnected with energy systems and food production. Agriculture accounts for approximately 70 % of global freshwater withdrawals, making water availability a key determinant of food security [11].

Energy is required for water extraction, treatment and desalination, while water resources are also essential for energy production processes.

Geostrategic Solutions for Water Security

Given the vulnerabilities associated with desalination dependency, several strategic solutions can enhance water security in the region.

Strategic Water Storage

One key strategy involves the creation of large underground water reserves through artificial aquifer recharge systems. In this approach, desalinated water is injected into underground aquifers, creating strategic reserves that can supply cities for several weeks in case desalination plants stop operating [12].

Regional Water Interconnections

Another important solution involves regional water interconnection networks. Such systems would allow neighboring countries to supply water to each other during emergencies, improving regional resilience. Similar infrastructure already exists in Europe for energy and water management [13].

Diversification of Water Resources

Reducing dependence on desalination requires diversification through wastewater reuse, improved groundwater management and rainwater harvesting [14].

Future Geopolitical Risks

Water scarcity may increasingly act as a risk multiplier, exacerbating existing geopolitical tensions [15]. In regions where water supply depends heavily on centralized infrastructure such as desalination plants, these facilities may become strategic targets during conflicts.

Conclusion: Water Security as the Strategic Resource of the 21st Century

Water is rapidly emerging as one of the most critical strategic resources of the 21st century. In regions such as the Middle East and North Africa, where natural freshwater availability is extremely limited, water security is no longer solely a matter of environmental management or technological innovation. It has become a central component of national security, geopolitical stability and economic resilience.

The increasing dependence of Gulf countries on desalination infrastructure illustrates a profound transformation in the nature of water systems. In these societies, drinking water is no longer provided primarily by natural hydrological cycles but by energy-intensive industrial infrastructure located along highly sensitive coastal zones.

This transformation creates a new strategic vulnerability. Unlike traditional water systems based on rivers, aquifers or reservoirs, desalination-dependent systems are highly centralized and dependent on energy supply chains, maritime trade routes and geopolitical stability. In such a configuration, disruptions to energy infrastructure, cyber-attacks, maritime blockades or military strikes could rapidly compromise water supply for millions of people.

Recent geopolitical tensions in the Middle East demonstrate that critical infrastructure is increasingly exposed to strategic competition. In this context, water infrastructure—including desalination plants, pipelines and storage facilities—must now be considered strategic assets comparable to energy infrastructure.

Historically, geopolitical conflicts in the region have been largely shaped by the control of oil resources. However, the growing scarcity of freshwater suggests that water may become an even more strategic resource than oil in the coming decades.

Oil fuels economies, but water sustains life itself. Without secure access to water, urban systems collapse, agricultural production declines and social stability deteriorates. For this reason, water scarcity can act as a powerful risk multiplier, amplifying existing political and economic tensions.

Looking toward the future, protecting water infrastructure must therefore become a priority of national and regional security strategies. This requires a comprehensive approach including:

  • diversification of water resources
  • development of strategic water reserves
  • protection of critical desalination infrastructure
  • regional cooperation in water management.

Ultimately, water security will shape the geopolitical landscape of the 21st century. In an increasingly water-stressed world, access to reliable freshwater resources may determine not only economic development but also political stability and peace.

In this emerging geopolitical reality, water is no longer simply a natural resource. It has become a strategic instrument of power—one that must be protected with the same urgency and strategic vision once reserved for oil and energy resources.

References

  1. Ritchie H., Roser M., World Resources Institute – Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas, 2023.
  2. World Bank, Water Scarcity in the Middle East and North Africa, 2022, Vol.18, pp.45-62.
  3. UNESCO, World Water Development Report, 2024.
  4. FAO, The State of the World’s Water Resources, 2023.
  5. International Energy Agency, Water-Energy Nexus Report, 2022.
  6. Ghaffour N., Missimer T., Amy G., Water Research, 2013, Vol.47, pp.5077-5093.
  7. Elimelech M., Phillip W., Science, 2011, Vol.333, pp.712-717.
  8. Allan T., Geopolitics, 2003, Vol.8, pp.1-18.
  9. Wolf A., Water Policy, 2018, Vol.20, pp.95-104.
  10. Mutin G., Revue Méditerranée, 2009, Vol.113, pp.45-60.
  11. Falkenmark M., Ambio, 2019, Vol.48, pp.130-138.
  12. Dawoud M., Al-Mulla M., Desalination, 2012, Vol.309, pp.197-207.
  13. Gleick P., Environmental Research Letters, 2009, Vol.4, pp.034006.
  14. Postel S., Scientific American, 2017, Vol.317, pp.50-57.
  15. Grafton Q., Nature Sustainability, 2018, Vol.1, pp.487-495.

Mastering Energy Management for a Zero-Carbon Future

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Global power consumption is rising at an unprecedented rate. Managing how we generate, store, and consume power is no longer just an operational consideration for large utility companies. It is a fundamental necessity for businesses, industries, and homeowners alike. Effective energy management holds the key to unlocking massive cost savings, ensuring operational resilience, and driving the global transition toward a zero-carbon economy.

This guide explores the critical role of energy management, the innovative technologies powering this revolution, and how advanced energy storage solutions contribute to broader sustainability goals. You will learn about the real-world applications of these technologies across various sectors and discover how industry leaders like Leodar Tech are shaping the global energy landscape.

energy management in a data center

What is Energy Management and Why Does It Matter?

Energy management is the proactive, systematic tracking and optimization of energy use in a building, facility, or localized grid. It involves understanding current consumption patterns, identifying areas of waste, and implementing technologies to maximize efficiency.

Historically, energy flowed in one direction: from large power plants to consumers. Now, the grid is evolving into a dynamic, decentralized network. Consumers generate their own power through solar panels and wind turbines, storing excess energy for later use. Energy management systems serve as the brain of this operation, directing power where it needs to go while minimizing waste.

The benefits are twofold. First, optimizing energy use significantly reduces utility costs. Businesses can implement strategies like “peak shaving”—using stored energy during times when grid power is most expensive. Second, energy management is a cornerstone of environmental sustainability. By maximizing the efficiency of renewable energy sources and reducing reliance on fossil fuels, effective energy management directly shrinks our global carbon footprint.

The Core Pillars of Modern Energy Management

A robust energy management strategy relies on three interconnected pillars: generation, monitoring, and storage. While renewable generation like solar power provides clean electricity, and monitoring software tracks usage, energy storage is the linchpin that makes the entire system viable.

Harnessing the Power of Energy Storage Solutions

Renewable energy sources like solar and wind are inherently intermittent. The sun does not always shine, and the wind does not always blow. Energy storage solutions bridge the gap between energy production and energy consumption.

High-capacity batteries capture surplus energy during periods of high generation and low demand. They hold this power securely until demand peaks or generation drops. Without advanced battery technology, massive amounts of clean energy would go to waste, and grids would remain heavily dependent on polluting backup generators.

Applications Driving the Energy Revolution

Energy management and storage technologies adapt to fit highly specific needs across different sectors. From single-family homes to massive industrial complexes, the applications are vast and transformational.

Residential Energy Storage Solutions

Homeowners increasingly seek independence from unreliable grid infrastructure and fluctuating energy prices. Residential energy storage systems provide smart energy for every home, ensuring power is reliable, sustainable, and always ready.

When paired with solar panels, a residential battery system stores daytime solar generation to power the home through the night. During unexpected grid outages, these systems seamlessly transition to backup power, keeping essential appliances running and families safe.

Commercial and Industrial Power

Empowering businesses requires robust, scalable solutions. Commercial and industrial facilities consume massive amounts of electricity, making them highly sensitive to utility rate hikes and power interruptions. Even a momentary loss of power can halt manufacturing lines, disrupt data centers, and cause significant financial losses.

Industrial energy management systems smooth out energy demand. By drawing from battery reserves during peak billing hours, companies drastically reduce their operational costs. Furthermore, robust energy storage ensures an uninterrupted power supply (UPS), safeguarding sensitive equipment and maintaining continuous business operations.

Specialized Applications: Telecommunications and Transportation

The impact of energy management extends far beyond traditional buildings.

  • Telecommunications: Global communication networks rely on telecom towers situated in remote locations. These towers require steadfast backup power to maintain cellular and internet connectivity during grid failures. Durable battery systems, particularly AGM and Gel batteries, provide this critical fail-safe.
  • Electric Vehicles and Transportation: The shift to electric vehicles (EVs) depends entirely on advanced battery cells and Battery Management Systems (BMS) to ensure safe, efficient operation. Additionally, innovative applications like truck start-up parking solutions provide reliable auxiliary power for commercial transport, reducing engine idling and localized emissions.

Leodar Tech: Pioneering Global Energy Solutions

Leading the future of energy requires profound technological expertise and a commitment to quality. Leodar Tech stands as a major supplier of integrated new energy storage solutions, combining cutting-edge research and development, intelligent manufacturing, and global operations. Established in 2012, the company serves as an industry benchmark for battery technology, driving transformative innovation that reshapes the energy storage landscape worldwide.

Dual-Core Expertise in Battery Technology

The foundation of Leodar Tech’s success lies in its dual-core mastery of both gel and lithium battery technologies. Different applications demand different chemical compositions, and offering a versatile portfolio ensures optimal performance across the board.

  • Advanced Gel and AGM Batteries: Leodar Tech offers highly reliable front terminal gel batteries (ranging from 12v 55ah to 150ah) and robust 2V Opzs and Opzv series. These deep-cycle batteries are engineered for exceptional longevity and temperature resilience. They serve as the ideal backbone for telecommunications backup power and rugged off-grid renewable energy setups.
  • LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate) Innovations: For residential and commercial energy storage, LiFePO4 technology represents the gold standard. These batteries offer superior energy density, faster charging times, and a longer lifecycle compared to traditional alternatives. Leodar Tech’s LiFePO4 prismatic cells form the core components of EV battery packs, delivering the safety and efficiency required for modern transportation.

Alongside battery cells, the company provides essential ecosystem components, including solar panels to generate clean energy, inverters to convert DC power to usable AC power, and advanced Battery Management Systems to protect and optimize the entire array.

A Global Footprint for Local Impact

Delivering world-class energy management requires a localized approach to customer success. Headquartered in Jiangsu, China, Leodar Tech operates an 8000+ square meter manufacturing base. However, their impact stretches far beyond their headquarters.

With a presence in over 100 exporting countries and regions, and a growing base of over 50,000 global customers, Leodar Tech accelerates its global presence through strategically established subsidiaries and regional offices. From the Philippines and Cambodia to West Africa and South America, this expansive network ensures responsive, end-to-end technical assistance. Customers receive expert guidance on everything from precision battery installation to optimized system configuration.

Backed by ISO9001 and CE certifications, the company guarantees uncompromising quality. Their omni-channel after-sales assurance—a hybrid online-offline service ecosystem—maintains the health and reliability of every deployed system, cementing their status as a trusted energy partner.

Reducing the Global Carbon Footprint

At its core, the advancement of energy management technology serves a profound environmental purpose: to be the core enabler of the global zero-carbon energy transition.

Every kilowatt-hour of solar or wind energy stored in a high-efficiency battery represents a direct reduction in fossil fuel consumption. By empowering homes to rely on self-generated solar power, enabling businesses to optimize their grid usage, and providing the infrastructure for clean electric transportation, comprehensive energy management directly mitigates greenhouse gas emissions.

We are moving toward an era where energy is clean, decentralized, and highly efficient. The technologies available right now allow us to disrupt old assumptions about how power must be generated and consumed.

Taking the Next Step in Energy Optimization

Embracing modern energy management is an investment in financial stability and environmental responsibility. Whether you want to secure reliable backup power for your home, reduce operational costs for your manufacturing facility, or build out sustainable infrastructure, the right technology makes it possible.

Start by evaluating your current energy consumption patterns and identifying areas where efficiency can improve. Explore the integration of renewable generation paired with high-quality storage solutions. By taking control of your energy strategy, you actively participate in building a more resilient, sustainable, and empowered future.